Neighbourhoods of Washington, D.C.
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The District
Whether the capital city’s neighbourhoods have survived by design or luck, they all seem to have evolved somewhat haphazardly and not at all according to the plans of L’Enfant. Several factors have influenced the growth and development of Washington’s neighbourhoods since the latter half of the 20th century: the uninterrupted proliferation of federal buildings, the influx of immigrant populations, the expansion of public transportation, suburban flight, urban renewal, and, in the early 21st century, revived interest in city living.
When fair-housing laws were enacted in the 1950 and ’60s, many middle-class European Americans moved to the suburbs, while middle-class African Americans moved to areas formerly closed to them. Certain neighbourhoods, especially Capitol Hill and Brookland, were occupied by Blacks and whites who attempted to work together to build integrated communities. Other areas became largely homogeneous strongholds for certain groups—for example, wealthy European Americans in the upper Northwest, wealthy African Americans in the “Gold Coast” on upper 16th Street, and poorer African Americans in Anacostia.
Northwest
The largest of the four quadrants of the District is Northwest, which contains most of the city’s federal buildings, tourist destinations, and wealthier neighbourhoods. It encompasses the areas known as Downtown, Lafayette Square, Foggy Bottom, Georgetown, Dupont Circle, and Adams-Morgan, among others.
Downtown
The area referred to as Downtown Washington describes the business district located between the Capitol, the White House, and Georgetown. It includes Chinatown, the Metro Center, the Federal Triangle area, and the K Street office corridor.
Downtown Washington served as both a workplace and a residential area for a substantial population of Washingtonians throughout the 19th century, making it the most important section of the early city. Downtown residents included shopkeepers, office workers, labourers, craftspeople, politicians, lobbyists, and those who worked in the hospitality sector. The area also was home to many Chinese, Greek, Italian, German Jewish, and German Catholic immigrants. Center Market, the city’s main farmers’ market with hundreds of indoor stalls, was located on Pennsylvania Avenue near 7th Street until 1931. Many of the neighbourhood’s 19th-century buildings were uniform three-story brick structures, often with shops on the first floor and residences above. Boarding houses were common in Downtown Washington; one of the most famous was owned by Mary Surratt during the Civil War years. (Surratt was later tried, convicted, and hanged for her part in a conspiracy to abduct Pres. Abraham Lincoln, who was later assassinated by fellow conspirator John Wilkes Booth.) Her home still stands in what is now Chinatown; it is one of the area’s few pre-Civil War buildings.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, the popularity of Downtown Washington diminished, and many buildings deteriorated. The development of Washington’s suburbs, combined with the Downtown race riots that broke out in 1968, kept people away from the area, hampering its vitality for 30 years. In the early 21st century, however, much of Downtown was revitalized. The addition of a sports arena, hotels, restaurants, a major convention centre, and new museums attracted both new residents and visitors. Many historic properties have been restored; condominium buildings have been constructed; and older commercial buildings have been converted into luxury apartment buildings and hotels.
Lafayette Square
The Lafayette Square neighbourhood lies directly north of the White House on H Street between 15th and 17th streets. It was once a showplace of wealth and influence. Throughout the 19th century some of the most distinguished Washingtonians and important national and world leaders were entertained in Lafayette Square homes. The first home in the neighbourhood was Col. John Tayloe III’s Octagon House, built in 1800, which is now owned by the American Architectural Foundation. In 1816 St. John’s Church was built across the square facing the White House and became known as the “Church of the Presidents.” The neighbourhood was filled with elegant mansions owned by cabinet officials, foreign diplomats, vice presidents, socialites, philanthropists, and others, including former first lady Dolley Madison after her time in the White House, politicians Daniel Webster and Francis Preston Blair, and military commanders Stephen Decatur and John Rodgers. Historian Henry Adams once wrote, “Lafayette Square is society.”
At the turn of the 20th century, the character of the neighbourhood changed. Many homes just off the square were replaced with grand marble or granite Neoclassical or Second Empire-style bank and office buildings (the Treasury Annex, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and the headquarters for the Organization of American States, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the American Red Cross). Private developers also bought several of the Lafayette Square homes, razed them, and built eight- and nine-story office buildings in their place. By 1962 the federal government had purchased all the Lafayette Square properties, with plans to replace them with government office buildings. At that time, however, first lady Jacqueline Kennedy brought attention to the importance of historic preservation and worked behind the scenes on a design to protect the neighbourhood’s remaining historic homes. Under the terms of a compromise agreement, new office structures were built behind, but connected to, the historic homes. Blair House remained in use as the president’s guesthouse and was connected to three adjoining homes; Decatur House was saved after being transferred to the National Trust for Historic Preservation; and St. John’s Church has remained intact.