Gulf War syndrome
- Also called:
- Gulf War illness or chronic multisymptom illness
- Related Topics:
- disease
Gulf War syndrome, cluster of illnesses in veterans of the Persian Gulf War (1990–91). Gulf War syndrome is characterized not by any definable medical condition or diagnostic test but by variable and nonspecific symptoms. While not fatal, it is associated with considerable distress and disability. In 2013 the Institute of Medicine (later renamed National Academy of Medicine), an American nongovernmental organization, estimated that about 200,000, or roughly one-third of Gulf War veterans, suffered from Gulf War syndrome.
Symptoms and suspected causes
Symptoms of Gulf War syndrome include fatigue, anxiety, muscle and joint pains, and headaches. Cognitive difficulties, such as memory loss, are common. Some veterans also experience post-traumatic stress disorder. Other symptoms include diarrhea, skin rashes, and insomnia. As a group, Gulf War veterans report higher frequencies of these symptoms than do veterans of other wars; in one study up to 17 percent of British veterans believed they had Gulf War syndrome.
The cause of Gulf War syndrome is unclear, though exposure to nerve toxins such as sarin, the prophylactic anti-nerve-toxin drug carbamate pyridostigmine bromide, and organophosphate- or carbamate-containing insecticides likely had a role. In some cases, exposure to solvents, other corrosive liquids, and depleted uranium may have also contributed to the development of symptoms.
Related syndromes
There is general agreement that Gulf War syndrome is not a distinct disease. At first many experts categorized it with other so-called functional somatic syndromes, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and fibromyalgia, which presumably represent aberrant responses to various stressors such as anxiety and infection. The symptoms of some veterans with Gulf War syndrome resemble those of ME/CFS. Some veterans who believe they have Gulf War syndrome have been diagnosed as having other definable conditions.