Many scientists maintain that the Little Ice Age in Europe resulted from a reversal of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a large-scale atmospheric-circulation pattern over the North Atlantic and adjacent areas. The NAO is believed to have a large influence over winter weather in Europe. During its “positive” phase, characterized by a strong subtropical high-pressure cell over the Azores and a low-pressure cell over Iceland, the track of North Atlantic storms is roughly centred over the British Isles and northern Europe. During the NAO’s “negative” phase, characterized by a weak high-pressure cell over the Azores and a weak low-pressure cell over Iceland, moisture is funneled toward the Mediterranean, and cold Arctic air from Russia moves over northern Europe. Changes in the phases of the NAO may partly explain the variability in climate during the Little Ice Age as well as the known intervals of cooler-than-normal conditions in some European regions.

Increased volcanism

Cool conditions in different regions during the Little Ice Age may have been influenced by explosive volcanic eruptions, such as the eruptions of Laki in Iceland in 1783 and Tambora on Sumbawa Island in 1815. Explosive eruptions propel gases and ash into the stratosphere, where they reflect incoming solar radiation. Consequently, they have been linked to conditions of lower average temperature around the world that may last a few years. Some scientists hypothesize that such volcanic activity may strengthen and extend the negative phase of the NAO, thus bringing on cooler conditions in northern Europe. Other scientists, however, argue that explosive eruptions may be linked to warmer winter conditions across northern Europe.