Waring’s problem

Waring’s problem, in number theory, conjecture that every positive integer is the sum of a fixed number f(n) of nth powers that depends only on n. The conjecture was first published by the English mathematician Edward Waring in Meditationes Algebraicae (1770; “Thoughts on Algebra”), where he speculated that f(2) = 4, f(3) = 9, and f(4) = 19; that is, it takes no more than 4 squares, 9 cubes, or 19 fourth powers to express any integer.

Waring’s conjecture built on the four-square theorem of the French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange, who in 1770 proved that f(2) ≤ 4. (The origin for the theorem, though, goes back to the 3rd century and the birth of number theory with Diophantus of Alexandria’s publication of Arithmetica.) The general assertion concerning f(n) was proved by the German mathematician David Hilbert in 1909. In 1912 the German mathematicians Arthur Wieferich and Aubrey Kempner proved that f(3) = 9. In 1986 three mathematicians, Ramachandran Balasubramanian of India and Jean-Marc Deshouillers and François Dress of France, together showed that f(4) = 19. In 1964 the Chinese mathematician Chen Jingrun showed that f(5) = 37. A general formula for higher powers has been suggested but not proved true for all integers.