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celestial sphere
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Earth's celestial sphere: Stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
figure illustrating the apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon on the celestial sphere Celestial coordinates seen by an observer in mid-northern latitudes. His celestial meridian is a great circle passing through his zenith and the poles. His astronomical horizon meets the celestial sphere at infinity. positions of the equinoxes
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Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published, forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi.
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celestial sphere

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Earth's celestial sphere: Stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
Earth's celestial sphere: Stars, planets, and other heavenly bodiesExplanation of the celestial sphere.
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celestial sphere, the apparent surface of the heavens, on which the stars seem to be fixed. For the purpose of establishing coordinate systems to mark the positions of heavenly bodies, it can be considered a real sphere at an infinite distance from the Earth. The Earth’s axis, extended to infinity, touches this sphere at the north and south celestial poles, around which the heavens seem to turn. The plane of the Earth’s Equator, extended to infinity, marks the celestial equator. See also hour circle; ecliptic; zenith.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Erik Gregersen.