There are no surprises in simple systems. Drop a stone, it falls; stretch a spring and let go, it oscillates in a fixed pattern; put money into a fixed-interest bank account, it accrues regularly. Such predictable and intuitively well-understood behavior is one of the principal characteristics of simple systems. Complex processes, on the other hand, generate counterintuitive, seemingly acausal behavior that is full of surprises. Lowering taxes and interest rates may unexpectedly lead to higher unemployment; low-cost housing projects frequently give rise to slums worse than those they replaced; and opening new freeways often results in unprecedented traffic jams and ...(100 of 5547 words)