Growth inhibitors
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Growth inhibitors of various types have been identified in plants. The best characterized one is abscisic acid, which is chemically related to the cytokinins. It is probably universally distributed in higher plants and has a variety of actions; for example, it promotes abscission (leaf fall), the development of dormancy in buds, and the formation of potato tubers. The mode of action of abscisic acid has not yet been clarified but is thought to involve the direct inhibition of the synthesis of RNA and protein.
Another growth inhibitor is ethylene, which is a natural product of plants, formed possibly from linolenic acid (a fatty acid) or from methionine (an amino acid). Ethylene promotes abscission in senescent leaves, perhaps by facilitating the struction of auxin. Its effects extend beyond that of inhibiting growth; in fruit, for example, ethylene is regarded as a ripening hormone. Involved in its action in fruit is another factor, perhaps auxin or another growth-regulating hormone, which influences the ethylene sensitivity of the tissues.
The hormonal interaction conspicuous in animals is found also in plants; one example is the control of abscission, which requires the synthesis of enzymes at an abscission zone, at the base of the structure concerned, to catalyze reactions involving breakdown of cell walls. Auxin reaching the abscission zone from the tip of the structure promotes abscission; if auxin reaches the structure from the opposite direction, however, it tends to inhibit the process, probably by its influence on metabolism. Other hormones are also involved in abscission; ethylene stimulates the synthesis of the enzymes, and abscisic acid accelerates the associated senescence. Gibberellin tends to inhibit abscission by promoting growth.
Another example of hormonal interaction occurs during the germination of cereal seeds. The embryo (germ) is first activated by uptake of water, which enables it to produce gibberellin. Gibberellin acts on the living cells (aleurone layer) surrounding the food reserves (endosperm). This action induces the aleurone cells to produce enzymes that break down starch to sugars and release tryptophan from the protein of the endosperm. The tryptophan migrates to the coleoptile tip and is transformed into indolylacetic acid, which in turn moves to the growth zone and weakens the cell walls, thus permitting water uptake.
The target tissues probably play a role in such sequential actions, and it is likely that changes in their responsiveness to hormonal action, perhaps correlated with environmental stimuli, contribute to adaptive integration. The similarities in the hormonal mechanisms of plants and animals, two groups that are so profoundly different in their structure and mode of life, effectively illustrate the fundamental uniformity of biological organization.