The examples presented so far have concentrated on the simplest organic molecules, the alkanes. However, stereoisomers crop up in many of the other structural types of organic chemistry. For example, in the alkenes, two versions of 2-butene exist. They are traditionally called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene or, in slightly more modern terms, (Z)- and (E)-2-butene. The Z and E stand for the German words for “together” (zusammen) and “apart” (entgegen). In principle, cis- and trans-2-butene are conformational isomers; in theory, they could be interconverted by a simple rotation about the central double bond. However, the practical world intrudes into principle, because this rotation would require about 66 kcal/mol, an amount of energy not available under normal conditions.

Other kinds of cis and trans isomers exist in ring compounds. For example, cis- and trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopropane are stereoisomers. (In the figure below, “bp” stands for “boiling point.”)

This time there is no imaginable rotation about bonds that can equilibrate the two isomers, so these two molecules are not conformational isomers. In addition, because three points determine a plane, the three-membered ring of cyclopropane is necessarily flat; there is no possible out-of-plane distortion.

On the other hand, as is described in the section Conformational isomers, cyclohexane is quite flexible, with one energy-minimum chair form ring-flipping into another through rotations around carbon-carbon bonds. Consider the possible isomers of cis- and trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane. If one methyl group is in the lower-energy equatorial position, then the cis compound, with both methyl groups on the same side of the ring, can be made only by placing the second methyl group in the higher-energy axial position. In constructing the trans compound, the second methyl must be placed in the equatorial position. But what happens when the ring flips? Remember that in a ring flip all axial positions become equatorial and vice versa. In the case of the cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane isomer, the equatorial-axial version flips into itself, as the axial methyl becomes equatorial and the equatorial methyl becomes axial. The two versions of cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane therefore have the same energy.

When the trans isomer flips, however, an equivalent structure is not formed, because each of the two equatorial methyl groups becomes axial. As an equatorial methyl group is more stable than an axial methyl group by 1.74 kcal/mol, the diaxial form would be less stable than the diequatorial form by about twice that amount, or 3.5 kcal/mol. In practice, this energy difference means that far less than 1 percent of the trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane present at equilibrium is in the less stable form.