ivermectin

ivermectin, antiparasitic drug used as a dewormer in livestock and other animals and to treat onchocerciasis (river blindness) in humans. Ivermectin originally was developed in the 1970s for use against livestock parasites, including various types of nematode and arthropod infections in horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep. Formulations also were made available for use in dogs for the prevention of heartworm disease caused by the roundworm Dirofilaria immitis.

Ivermectin typically is administered orally, as a liquid formulation or as tablets, or by subcutaneous injection. It may also be used topically, such as in the treatment of ear mite infections in cats and in the treatment of gastrointestinal roundworm, lungworm, mite, lice, or horn fly infections in livestock. While generally well tolerated in animals, at high doses ivermectin can cause potentially severe neurological side effects, including ataxia (loss of coordination of voluntary muscle movements), respiratory depression, impaired vision, coma, and death.

In 1987 the World Health Organization began distributing ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis, a filarial disease in humans caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus. Although ivermectin does not kill the adult parasite, it eliminates the microfilariae, the accumulation of which in the eye ultimately contributes to blindness. Within several days of initiating treatment for onchocerciasis, as parasites begin to die, individuals may experience joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, eye pain, vision changes, itching, and fever. Although rare, the use of ivermectin in humans has been associated with various side effects, including neck and back pain, chest pain, confusion, swelling of the face and limbs, seizures, and loss of consciousness.