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mineral deposit
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hot springs and epithermal veins porphyry porphyry copper deposit Mississippi Valley-type deposits lateritic weathering chemically resistant minerals
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Written by
Brian J. Skinner
Professor of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University. Author of Earth Resources.
Brian J. Skinner
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Per Teodor Cleve

Oxides and hydroxides are a large and diverse group of ore minerals. The major ore minerals of the geochemically abundant metals aluminum, iron, manganese, and titanium are either oxides or hydroxides, while the oxide-forming scarce metals are chromium, tin, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, and uranium. Vanadium is found mainly by atomic substitution in magnetite, a major oxide ore mineral of iron.

Carbonates and silicates

Carbonate minerals are widespread in Earth’s crust, but only a few are ore minerals. These are the carbonates of iron, manganese, magnesium, and the rare earths. The number of metals won from silicate ore minerals is small. Most important are beryllium, zirconium, and lithium, plus a certain amount of nickel recovered from the nickel silicate garnierite.