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- ski jumping
- speed skiing
- freestyle skiing
- slalom
- downhill skiing
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Freestyle skiing focuses on acrobatics and includes three events: acro, aerials, and moguls. Formerly known as ballet, acro was invented in the early 1930s in Europe. Utilizing moves from figure skating and gymnastics, the acro skier performs a 90-second routine set to music, in which jumps, flips, and spins are executed while skiing a 160-metre course on a gently sloping hill (12° to 15° incline). The performance is scored by judges on the basis of artistic impression and technical difficulty. The equipment for acro varies from that of Alpine skiing; the poles are longer and thicker, and the skis are shorter. In recent years acro skiing has been losing out in popularity to the more gymnastic events.
Somersaulting and other tricks were exhibited before World War I, but it was not until about 1950 that such stunts (aerials) were popularized by Norwegian Stein Eriksen, who won a gold medal in the giant slalom at the 1952 Winter Games in Oslo. There are two varieties of aerials: upright and inverted. Flips or any movements where a competitor’s feet are higher than his head are not allowed in upright competition. Instead, the skier performs such jumps as the daffy (with one ski extended forward, the other backward) or the spread eagle. In inverted competition contestants execute flips and somersaults, often reaching heights of some 50 feet (15 metres). The skiers build up speed on the inrun, which leads to various ramps and a landing hill with an incline of 34° to 39° and a length of about 100 feet (30 metres). On the basis of the degree of difficulty, the routine is scored on form and technique (50 percent), takeoff and height (20 percent), and landing (30 percent).
Mogul skiing, the navigation of large bumps (moguls) on the slope, was incorporated into competition shortly after the introduction of aerials. Competing on a steep incline (22° to 32°) over a course of some 660 to 890 feet (about 200 to 270 metres), the mogul skier is scored on speed, turn techniques, and two mandatory upright jumps. There are also freestyle combined competitions in which skiers compete in acro, aerials, and moguls; the winner is determined by the total score of all three events.
Freestyle skiing flourished on North American slopes in the 1950s and ’60s as “hot dog” skiers performed increasingly daring moves. Widespread popularity quickly established skiing as a serious sport. After an appearance at the 1988 Winter Games in Calgary as a demonstration sport, freestyle skiing was approved for Olympic competition. Mogul skiing debuted at the 1992 Winter Games in Albertville, France, and aerial events were added to the 1994 Winter Games in Lillehammer, Norway.
Governing body
In 1924 the Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS; International Ski Federation) was founded as the world governing body for skiing. World championships sanctioned by the FIS have been held in Nordic events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. Women also compete separately from men in cross-country events. There is now a women’s jumping circuit.
World championships have been held in Alpine skiing since 1931, with men and women competing separately. A World Cup in downhill has been awarded since 1967, in slalom since 1970, and in giant slalom since 1975.
The FIS recognized freestyle skiing in 1980 and organized a World Cup for the sport that year. Other sports that have gained FIS recognition include speed skiing, grass skiing (skiing on grass, using a type of skates instead of skis), and telemark (a type of downhill skiing in which the skier’s heel is not bound to the ski, as in cross-country skiing).
Originally, snowboarding competitions were governed by the International Snowboarding Federation (ISF), which was formed in 1991 and began holding world championships in 1992. The FIS recognized snowboarding as a sport in 1994 and began holding its own world championships in snowboarding in 1996. Shortly afterward, the International Olympic Committee recognized the FIS as the official sanctioning body of the sport for Olympic purposes. Three races are recognized for men and women: half-pipe, parallel giant slalom, and snowboard cross.