Chad, officially Republic of Chad , Country, north-central Africa. Area: 495,753 sq mi (1,284,000 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 19,094,000. Capital: N’Djamena. The Sara are the largest ethnic group, making up about one-fourth of the total population; other groups include the Kebbi, Kanem-Bornu, Tangale, Fulani, and Gorane. Arabs, including a number of peoples, represent a single ethnic group. Languages: French, Arabic (both official), Fula, Sara. Religions: Islam, Christianity, traditional beliefs. Currency: CFA franc. The landlocked country’s terrain is a shallow basin that rises gradually from the Lake Chad area in the west. The basin is rimmed by mountains, including the volcanic Tibesti Massif to the north, rising to 11,204 ft (3,415 m) at Mount Koussi. The lowest elevation, 573 ft (175 m), is in the Djourab Depression. Chad’s river network is limited to the Chari and Logone rivers and their tributaries, which flow from the southeast into Lake Chad. The economy is agricultural; gold, uranium, and petroleum reserves have not been fully exploited. Chad is a unitary republic with one legislative body; its head of state is the president and its head of government the prime minister. About ad 800 the kingdom of Kanem was founded, and by the early 1200s its borders had expanded to form a new kingdom, Kanem-Bornu, in the north. Its power peaked in the 16th century with its command of the southern terminus of the trans-Sahara trade route to Tripoli. About this time the rival kingdoms of Baguirmi and Ouaddaï (Wadai) evolved in the south. In the years 1883–93 all three kingdoms fell to the Sudanese adventurer Rābiḥ al-Zubayr, who was overthrown in 1900 by a local ruler under French protection. Extending their power, the French in 1910 made Chad a part of French Equatorial Africa, and it was made an overseas territory in 1946. The country achieved independence in 1960 but has had decades of civil war despite frequent intervention by France and Libya, resulting in political instability and a lack of economic development.
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