arch dam
arch dam, a thick shell dam that derives considerable strength from its curved profile. Typically built in river gorges, arch dams have the form of a horizontal arch in which the convex side is upstream and abuts against the side walls of the gorge.
The advantages of building a curved dam—thus using the water pressure to keep the joints in the masonry closed—were appreciated as early as ancient Roman times. Its upstream curve transfers the thrust of the water either directly to the valley sides or indirectly through concrete abutments. Given that its strength is wholly dependent on effective support at its abutments, only favourable sites providing sound rock are suitable for arch dams. Theoretically, the ideal constant-angle arch in a V-shaped valley has a central angle of 133° of curvature. This fact is exploited in “constant-angle” (or variable-radius) arch dams, the first of which was built at Salmon Creek in Alaska in 1913–14.
Arch dams possess greater resistance to failure after overtopping than other dam types. Still, spillways remain important to accommodate heavy rainfall or flooding events. With arch dams, it is convenient to construct gated spillway openings in the shell structure at some distance below the crest of the dam, ensuring that the discharging jets fall well clear downstream. A line of six such gates is used in the design of Kariba Dam over the Zambezi River on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The great reserves of strength inherent in an arch dam were dramatically displayed in 1963 when the reservoir behind Vaiont Dam in Italy was virtually destroyed by a landslide. Vaiont, at that time the second highest dam in the world, was built across a narrow gorge on limestone foundations so that the crest, 262 metres (858 feet) above the valley bottom, was only 190 metres (623 feet) in length. On October 9, 1963, about 240 million cubic metres (314 million cubic yards) of soil and rock slid down into the reservoir, displacing a massive amount of water. The resultant flood overtopped the dam and surged down the valley, destroying several villages and causing large loss of life. Yet only superficial damage was caused to the dam, which is about 3.4 metres (11.2 feet) thick at its crest.