construction

Table of Contents

Introduction
The history of construction
- Primitive building: the Stone Age
- Bronze Age and early urban cultures
- Stone construction in Egypt
- Greek and Hellenistic cultures
- Roman achievements
  - Masonry construction
  - Early concrete structures
  - Timber and metal construction
  - Building support systems
- Romanesque and Gothic
  - Stone construction
  - Construction in timber and brick
  - Building services
- The Renaissance
  - Reintroduction of dome construction
  - Revival of Roman technics and materials
- The first industrial age
  - Development of iron technology
  - Manufactured building materials
  - Building science
  - Emergence of design professionals
  - Improvements in building services
- The second industrial age
  - Introduction of steel building technology
  - Early steel-frame high-rises
  - Steel long-span construction
  - Reintroduction of concrete
    - The invention of reinforced concrete
    - The concrete dome
  - Development of building service and support systems
    - Vertical transportation
    - Lighting
    - Heating and cooling systems
    - Glass as a building material
  - High-rise construction since 1945
    - Use of steel and other metals
    - Use of reinforced concrete
  - Postwar developments in long-span construction
Modern building practices
- The economic context of building construction
- Building design and construction
  - Design programming
  - Design development
  - Construction
- Low-rise residential buildings
  - Foundations
  - Structural systems
    - Timber frames
    - Masonry walls
  - Enclosure systems
  - Interior finishes
  - Plumbing
  - Heating and cooling
  - Electrical systems
- Low-rise commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings
  - Foundations
  - Timber
  - Steel
  - Concrete
  - Enclosure systems
  - Interior finishes
    - Partitions
    - Ceiling finishes
    - Floor finishes
  - Life-safety systems
  - Vertical transportation
  - Plumbing
  - Environmental control
  - Electrical systems
- High-rise buildings
  - Foundations
  - Structural systems
    - Wind loads
    - Earthquake loads
    - Classification of structural systems
  - Enclosure systems
  - Life-safety systems
  - Vertical transportation
  - Plumbing
  - Environmental control
  - Electrical systems
- Long-span buildings
  - Structural systems
    - Structural types
    - Timber structures
    - Steel structures
    - Concrete structures
  - Factors in the built environment
    - Acoustics
    - Environmental control systems

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building construction summary

construction

building

Also known as: building construction

Written by Pao-Chi Chang, Alfred Swenson•All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Nov 18, 2024 • Article History

Also called:: building construction

Key People:: Potter Palmer; Gustave Eiffel; Hardy Cross; François Hennebique; John Anthony Volpe

Related Topics:: masonry; carpentry; scaffold; rammed earth; shoring

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construction, the techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures, primarily those used to provide shelter. Construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species. Human shelters were at first very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days or months. Over time, however, even temporary structures evolved into such highly refined forms as the igloo. Gradually more ...(100 of 33068 words)

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