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punch press

machine tool
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punch press, machine that changes the size or shape of a piece of material, usually sheet metal, by applying pressure to a die in which the workpiece is held. The form and construction of the die determine the shape produced on the workpiece.

A punch press has two coacting components: the punch, which is attached to the reciprocating ram of the machine, and the die, which is clamped onto a bed or anvil whose flat surface is perpendicular to the path of the ram. In operation, the punch pushes against the workpiece, which is held in the die. A blanking die shears out a slug of sheet metal to make it into a blank that will fit dies for subsequent punch-press operations. These include forming or bending and drawing, in which cup-shaped articles are produced by a process that entails some plastic flow of the metal.

Punch presses are usually driven by electric motors, and conversion from the rotary motion of the drive shaft to reciprocation of the ram is effected by either a crank, a toggle, or a cam mechanism. Because the power demands are intermittent, a flywheel is attached to the drive shaft to store energy during the idling period between strokes of the ram and to deliver energy to the shaft during a punching operation, thus reducing the required capacity of the driving motor. See also hydraulic press.