Asase Yaa

Asase Yaa, in the indigenous religion of the Akan people of the Guinea Coast, the great female spirit of the earth, second only to Nyame (the Creator) in power and reverence. The Akan regard the earth as a female spirit because of its fertility and its power to bring forth life, and they further personalize it as a mother because human beings depend on it for their continued nurturance and sustenance. Asase Yaa is of paramount importance to the Akan because it is through her, by way of libation and dance, that they gain access to and maintain familial connections with their ancestors.

Named according to the Akan tradition of “day-naming,” she is referred to as Asase (“Earth”) Yaa (“Female Born on Thursday”) because most Akan believe that Nyame created earth on a Thursday. However, among the Fante, who believe that Nyame created earth on a Friday, she is known as Asase Efua (“Female Born on Friday”). Traditionally, both groups treat the day in question (Thursday or Friday) as a day of rest, on which there is no tilling of the land and no burying of the dead, and all acts that may desecrate the earth are avoided. Generally, on any given day, one will not manipulate or agitate the land in any way without her prior permission—which is gained exclusively through the pouring of libation—because serious consequences are believed to befall those who violate protocol.

Asase Yaa’s name is called out in libations immediately after Nyame’s, and it is with Asase Yaa’s name that the first offering is made to the ancestors. Thus, because libation is the vehicle through which the Akan initiate all rituals, traditional ceremonies, and political proceedings, Asase Yaa is essentially as prevalent as Nyame in the spiritual culture of the Akan.

Reverence for her is further manifested in a multitude of Akan rituals. During an infant’s outdooring (naming) ceremony, once the complete name is given, the child is placed on a mat to symbolize thanksgiving to Asase Yaa for sustaining its life and to the ancestors for their eternal protection and guidance. During ayie (funeral rites), libation is poured specifically to Asase Yaa not only to ask her permission for digging the grave but also to ask her to accept and protect the body of the person to be buried. She also is known as the upholder of truth, and in everyday situations those suspected of being less than truthful are challenged to touch the tip of their tongue to the earth as evidence of their honesty.

There are no shrines dedicated to Asase Yaa, nor are their priests to serve her, because she is not an abosom (deity) whom people may consult through divination. The Akan believe that everyone has the ability to show her reverence, whether through libation or simply by keeping the earth clean, and that her abundance is accessible to all.