Battle of Crete
Battle of Crete, airborne assault by Nazi Germany on the Greek island of Crete during World War II that took place from May 20 to June 1, 1941.
After the abject failure of a British expedition to defend Greece against German attack, remnants of the British and Commonwealth force were evacuated to Crete, an island of strategic importance to both sides, commanding shipping lanes to the Black Sea and the Middle East. Nazi Germany enjoyed aerial superiority and decided to exploit its advantage by seizing the island in a mass assault by elite parachute and glider troops. They would capture the airfields to allow transport aircraft to ferry in more soldiers before the arrival of seaborne reinforcements. While the British, Commonwealth, and Greek defenders outnumbered the Germans, they were not a coherent force, lacking adequate communications and heavy weapons.
Plans for the invasion of Crete were known to the British through the breaking of Enigma codes, and Crete’s 30,000 Commonwealth defenders were under strict orders not to reveal that they were aware of the impending invasion. For all that, German aerial superiority made the long island almost impossible to defend effectively. The airborne assault came on May 20, with some 9,350 troops landing on the first day. Although German casualties were exceptionally severe, there were sufficient men to hang on until reinforcements arrived. On May 26, Lieutenant General Bernard Freyberg, the Commonwealth commander on Crete, ordered a general retreat to the south of the island to prepare for evacuation. The Royal Navy, which had already suffered heavy losses, lost more ships as it tried to get the troops away; the operation was abandoned on May 30, leaving 5,000 men awaiting evacuation.
The invasion of Crete marked the first major parachute attack in the history of warfare. Casualties for the British and Commonwealth numbered 4,000 dead, 2,000 wounded, and 11,300 captured out of 47,500 troops involved in the battle; the Allied forces also suffered 9 ships sunk and 18 damaged. German casualties numbered 7,000 out of 22,000 troops. Throughout and thereafter, the Germans were unaware that their code had been broken, and in the long term the loss of Crete and the high casualty count was offset by the strategic advantage gained in being able to decipher German communications. While the Allies looked to the Battle of Crete as an inspiration for their own airborne forces, these heavy German losses led Adolf Hitler to curtail further large-scale airborne operations.