Challenges of the late 20th and early 21st centuries

This development of legal institutions and of the law itself was not without problems. As one might anticipate in so extensive a system built in so short a time frame, there were very substantial problems regarding what the famed Austrian American legal theorist Hans Kelsen referred to as the “hierarchy of legal norms”—i.e., the relationship between different legal measures promulgated by different state actors at different levels of government. Both the Chinese constitution and the Law on Legislation of 2000 provided general guidance as to the question of which legal measures take precedence, and the National People’s Congress, China’s supreme organ of state, subsequently established a special committee to resolve particular cases of conflicting measures. Chinese scholars were quick to acknowledge, however, that much more remained to be done to develop a clear and accessible hierarchy.

A deeper set of challenges surrounded issues of implementation and enforcement. Corruption, local protectionism (a term used to describe ways in which subnational officials may apply, or misapply, the law to serve parochial interests), and a lack of professional competence remained problems. Some observers, especially those outside China (e.g., the American legal scholar Jerome A. Cohen), argued that these problems are inherent in a one-party state in which most judges are party members. According to this view, without thoroughgoing political reform it is unrealistic to expect further progress toward the rule of law. Indeed, some of these observers pointed to the treatment accorded lawyers who had represented ethnic minorities, political dissidents, and others with unpopular positions—treatment that included the revocation of law licenses and the forced shuttering of law offices—as evidence that legal development in China had plateaued.

Others, both inside and outside China, took issue with this assessment, arguing that the demand for what the American legal scholar Randall Peerenboom called a “thick” rule of law—i.e., one that includes the development of democratic political institutions—failed to take full account of the ways in which China had made strides toward a “thin” rule of law in which the rudiments of legal regularity were increasingly being heeded (at least in nonsensitive areas), even if larger political change was not yet on the horizon. Still others—including Zhu Suli, one of China’s foremost law scholars—suggested that the nature of Chinese institutions was so different from those of the West, and the party so pervasive in Chinese society, that it was neither realistic nor appropriate to envision the development of judicial independence in China as that term is generally understood in the United States.

However it may continue to develop, Chinese law has clearly entered a new phase of consequence, both for China and for the broader world dealing with China. Even as scholars reconstruct a much richer legal history than had typically been assumed to exist, law and legal institutions, whether fully effective or not, are today being accorded unprecedented attention in Chinese society.