Gateway of India
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Gateway of India, an arch monument built in the early 20th century in Mumbai to commemorate the December 2, 1911, landing of King George V and Queen Mary at Apollo Bunder (now Wellington Pier) on the Arabian Sea, on their way to the Delhi Durbar. It is believed that the royal couple saw just a cardboard model of the structure as they landed in India, as the construction of the Gateway of India was completed much later, in 1924. The Gateway of India is not only an iconic landmark in Mumbai but also one of India’s most popular tourist sites.
Design and architecture
The Gateway of India stands 85 feet (26 meters) tall with a central dome that is 50 feet (15 meters) in diameter. The structure was built using yellow basalt stones over a reinforced concrete structure. It was designed in the Indo-Saracenic style used by British architects in India about that time, featuring a mix of Indian and Islamic architecture with British organization and composition. The Gateway of India features carved stone latticework known as jaali. The addition of jaalis, an absorption of Mughal influences, was a conscious choice to suggest a link with earlier rulers and thereby argue for the legitimacy of British colonial rule. The central dome is surrounded by four turrets.
During the British era
The Gateway of India was designed to be a monument fitting to receive a monarch about to set foot in India, the jewel of the British raj, for the first time. However, the monument itself was not ready at the time of the arrival of King George V and Queen Mary in 1911. To remedy this, a six-foot-tall cardboard replica was created and presented to the royals upon their arrival.
The foundation stone was laid by the governor of Bombay province, George Sydenham Clarke. Scottish architect George Wittet’s design was approved in August 1914. Between 1915 and 1919 land was reclaimed from the sea, transforming what was a crude harbor front into a proper foundation and seawall. The structure was completed in 1924, at a total cost (borne by the Indian government) of 2.1 million rupees, a substantial sum to spend in the aftermath of the First World War. The monument was opened to the public on December 4, 1924, by the viceroy of India, Rufus Isaacs, the earl of Reading.
The arch was to serve as India’s entry and exit point for subsequent viceroys as well as other key personnel. It was through the Gateway of India that the last British troops to leave India departed on February 28, 1948. A silver replica of the Gateway of India was presented to the regiment by the Indian Army during a ceremonial parade just before officers and soldiers of the 1st Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry marched out through the gateway on that day, while Indian troops presented arms in a royal salute. It was thus through a symbol of imperial grandeur, built to welcome a king, that the sun set on the crown jewel in Britain’s empire.
In independent India
In 1961 a statue of the Maratha king Shivaji was unveiled on the grounds opposite the monument, replacing a statue of George V.
The Gateway of India has become synonymous with the city of Mumbai. It has remained one of the city’s most popular tourist attractions over the years and is open to the public on all days of the week. The monument is also the starting point for tourists wanting to take a ferry to nearby Elephanta Island, the site of a collection of cave temples designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Owing to its iconic status and huge tourist footfall, the Gateway of India has high security. However, it witnessed a terror attack in 2003, when a bomb left in a nearby taxi exploded. Additionally, the November 2008 terror attacks that targeted several sites in Mumbai included an attack on the Taj Mahal Palace hotel opposite the Gateway of India. Public access to the gateway area was subsequently restricted until the situation was neutralized.