General Data Protection Regulation

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), European Union (EU) law surrounding data privacy and security, which was adopted by the European Parliament in 2016 and came into effect in May 2018. The legislation marked a major worldwide precedent; it was particularly notable for establishing a comprehensive framework around data protection, expanding the legal definition of personal data, and extending its protection to all data generated by EU citizens and residents regardless of where the information was being processed. Most obligations outlined in the GDPR are the responsibilities of so-called “data controllers,” or those charged with processing personal data.

Purpose, definition, and scope

The EU, which consists of 27 member countries, introduced the GDPR as the “toughest privacy and security law in the world,” presenting a stringent set of rules to protect EU citizens’ privacy. This is reflected in the severity of the fines that can be imposed in cases of noncompliance, which can be as high as €20 million or 4 percent of an organization’s total global revenue. The rules encompass areas such as the scope of data collected and the purpose for which the organization uses such data.

The GDPR influenced a number of subsequent laws in countries such as Brazil and India, and even in U.S. states such as California and Virginia. Unlike the GDPR, the Data Protection Directive, adopted by the EU in 1995, lacked the same legal binding force on EU member states and placed less emphasis on individual privacy rights.

The GDPR has extraterritorial scope and application, applying to organizations outside EU borders. Non-EU businesses and organizations are subject to the European law if they offer goods or services to individuals in the EU or monitor EU citizens’ behavior.

Core principles

The GDPR provides a comprehensive framework for protecting citizen data that covers various stages in the data life cycle, from collection to archiving. Under the GDPR, an organization must have a valid reason before collecting and processing data that can be used to identify an individual (personally identifiable information). The processing of such data must be either based on the individual’s consent or be strictly necessary (to fulfill a legal obligation, for instance). Organizations that collect and process individual data must also be fair and transparent, meaning that their practice must not only be legally justified but also easy to understand and not unnecessarily deceptive.

Other core principles of the GDPR include purpose limitation (data must be collected and processed for a legitimate purpose), data minimization (the scope of the data must be limited to what is required for the organization’s purpose), storage limitation (data must be retained only as long as required), data accuracy (inaccurate data must be rectified or erased), data integrity and privacy (the integrity and confidentiality of the data must be protected at all times), and accountability (proof of compliance).

As the GDPR enforces the responsibilities of an organization in regard to data collection, it also grants individuals some control over their personal data and protects several individual rights. For example, the requirement of organizations to be transparent corresponds to a citizen’s right to be informed, and, similarly, the requirement of organizations to minimize the amount of data stored is reflected in the right to have one’s personal data erased (“right to erasure,” also known as the “right to be forgotten”) once the data are no longer necessary for the purpose for which the information was collected or processed. Such rights are not absolute, however, and EU member states can limit some individual rights when faced with a matter of justice or national security.

Importantly, the GDPR also broadened the definition of personal data to encompass a wide range of information about someone. The GDPR defines personal data broadly as “any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person (‘data subject’); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural, or social identity of that natural person.” Under the broad definition, personal data include data that may identify someone indirectly; for instance, someone’s route to work can be categorized as such if it allows the person to be identified.

The GDPR also imposes strict data governance and reporting practices on data controllers. For example, organizations must conduct a data protection impact assessment when their data processing creates a high risk to individuals’ rights and freedoms and must promptly notify authorities if a personal data breach occurs.