Ḥimyar

Ḥimyar, originally, an important tribe in the ancient Sabaean kingdom of southwestern Arabia; later, the powerful rulers of much of southern Arabia from about 115 bce to about 525 ce.

The Himyarites were concentrated in the area known as Dhū Raydān on the coast of present-day Yemen; they were probably aided in the overthrow of their Sabaean kinsmen by the discovery of a sea route from Egypt to India, which deprived the inland Sabaean kingdom of its former importance as a centre for overland trade. The Himyarites (classical Homeritae) inherited the Sabaean language and culture, and from their capital at Ẓafār their power at times extended eastward as far as the Persian Gulf and northward into the Arabian Desert. At the beginning of the 4th century ce, the Ḥimyar capital was moved northward to Sanaa, and later in that century both Christianity and Judaism gained firm footholds in the area at the expense of the traditional religious practices of the Sabaeans.

Internal disorders and changing trade routes caused the kingdom to suffer political and economic decline. Among the most consequential feuds was the massacre of Christians in Najrān by King Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar (also called Dhū Nuwās) in 520, which prompted the intervention of the Christians’ coreligionists in Aksum. In 525, after several unsuccessful attempts, Aksumite invaders finally crushed the Himyarites. A Ḥimyar appeal to the Sasanians for aid led to Persian control in 575.