I, Robot
I, Robot, a collection of nine short stories by science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov that imagines the development of “positronic” (humanlike, with a form of artificial intelligence) robots and wrestles with the moral implications of the technology. The stories originally appeared in science-fiction magazines between 1940 and 1950, the year that they were first published together in book form. Asimov’s treatment of robots as being programmed with ethics rather than as marauding metal monsters was greatly influential in the development of science fiction.
Summary
The nine stories are linked by a framing narrative involving a reporter’s interview with Susan Calvin, a former robopsychologist at U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc., whose work involved dysfunctional robots and the problems inherent in human-robot interactions. The stories centre on problems that arise from the ethical programming, summed up in Asimov’s famed Three Laws of Robotics:
- A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
- A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
- A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First and Second Laws.
The first story, “ Robbie,” is set in 1998 and centres on a little girl, Gloria, who loves her nursemaid robot, Robbie. Her mother comes to believe that robots are unsafe, however, and Robbie is returned to the factory. Gloria is heartbroken. In an effort to show her that robots are machines, not people, her parents take her to see robots being assembled at a factory. One of the assembling robots is Robbie. Gloria endangers her life running to Robbie, and Robbie rescues Gloria, persuading Gloria’s mother that robots can be trusted.
The next three stories take place over 18 months, beginning in 2015, and feature Calvin’s colleagues Gregory Powell and Mike Donovan as they attempt to figure out why robots are malfunctioning. In one case, it is a conflict between two of the Laws of Robotics; in another, a robot refuses to accept human orders but nonetheless does the right thing; and in the third, a robot is unable to operate a large number of subordinate robots.
The next story, “Liar!,” takes place in 2021. A robot named Herbie has been erroneously programmed to have telepathic abilities. In order to avoid hurting the feelings of the people with whom it interacts, Herbie tells flattering lies. In addition, though Herbie is aware of the programming error, it knows that the researchers want to solve the problem themselves and so will not help them. Calvin tells Herbie that withholding the information and yielding the information will both be hurtful to humans, and the conflict causes Herbie to shut down.
In “Little Lost Robot,” set in 2029, scientists working in a dangerous environment modify the First Law’s programming in some robots to keep them from interfering with humans. After an exasperated researcher tells one such robot to lose itself, the robot hides in a group of identical but unmodified robots. Calvin devises several tests to trick the robot into identifying itself, but the robot outsmarts her until she bases one test on its superior physics programming. The modified robots are then destroyed.
Donovan and Powell return for “Escape!,” about a positronic supercomputer attempting to figure out how to create a spaceship that will allow the crew to survive a hyperspace jump. The hyperspace jump causes humans to briefly cease to exist, and the supercomputer copes with having to violate the First Law by creating a spaceship filled with practical jokes.
The final two stories are set in 2032 and 2052, respectively, and concern a politician who may or may not be a robot and whether the Machines that order the economic systems are planning a war against humanity.
Influence
Asimov’s Three Laws spread throughout science fiction, and almost every robot in books or film was subsequently created with them in mind. In the late 1970s American author Harlan Ellison collaborated with Asimov on a screenplay for I, Robot that was never filmed but was published in 1994 as I, Robot: The Illustrated Screenplay. The 2004 film I, Robot was inspired by but not adapted from Asimov’s work.
Cathy Lowne Patricia Bauer