National Enquirer
- Formerly (1926–57):
- New York Evening Enquirer
National Enquirer, American weekly newspaper best known for its celebrity gossip, crime news, and investigative reporting. The Enquirer is commonly termed a “supermarket tabloid” because of its wide availability at grocery-store checkout counters. It is also sold on newsstands and through subscriptions and is published in an online version. The tabloid is based in New York City.
The Enquirer began in 1926 as the New York Evening Enquirer, a Sunday weekly. It was founded by a former advertising man, William Griffin, with funds from newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. At Hearst’s behest the Enquirer experimented with journalistic methods and standards, such as embellishing stories to attract more reader attention; Hearst would then adopt the more successful techniques for his own papers. The Enquirer primarily covered politics, sports, theatre news, and human interest stories. The paper never achieved great financial success, and its fortunes suffered further from the poor reception of the isolationist editorials Griffin wrote for it during World War II.
It was bought in 1952 by Generoso Pope, Jr., the son of the late owner of the Italian-language daily Il Progresso Italo-Americano. Under Pope’s ownership the Enquirer converted to a tabloid format in 1953. It foundered during the first years, but circulation rose dramatically after Pope refocused its editorial direction to emphasize sensational stories, such as those involving murder and gore, and used vivid eye-catching headlines. He took the paper national and renamed it the National Enquirer in 1957; it turned a profit for the first time the following year.
In the mid-to-late 1960s the National Enquirer began to sell in supermarkets, which, more and more, were replacing the smaller markets, corner stores, and newsstands that had been the paper’s main outlets. To increase its appeal to a family audience, the Enquirer moved away from its more lurid headlines and articles while entertaining readers with sensational stories of paranormal occurrences, celebrity gossip, medical anomalies, and “freaks” such as animals with multiple heads. In 1971 the editorial offices moved from the New York area to Lantana, Florida. Average weekly circulation continued to grow, reaching its peak for that decade at 5.7 million copies in 1978.
In the early 1980s, seeking to expand in the face of increased competition from other publications, the National Enquirer began advertising itself on a large scale and courting major national advertisers. After Pope’s death in 1988, GP Group Acquisitions bought his operations, which included a sister tabloid, the Weekly World News (known for even more sensational stories, such as those of alien visitations, and regularly featuring “news updates” of a quasi-human creature named “Bat Boy”). In 1994 the company—which by then included a range of other publications—changed its name to American Media, Inc. (AMI).
The National Enquirer remained perhaps the best-known U.S. supermarket tabloid into the early 21st century. Despite its reputation for providing more entertainment than hard journalism, it broke a number of stories that were later confirmed by mainstream media. Among them was the revelation in 2007 of an extramarital affair by then-presidential candidate John Edwards; for its coverage of the story, the National Enquirer was nominated in two journalism categories in the 2010 Pulitzer Prize competition.
While not a stranger to controversy, the Enquirer became embroiled in a series of particularly notable scandals in the 2010s, several of which involved Donald Trump. During his successful 2016 presidential campaign, the tabloid bought negative stories about Trump but never published them, a practice known as “catch and kill.” At the time, David J. Pecker, a longtime friend of Trump, headed AMI, and it was subsequently revealed that Pecker buried stories to help Trump’s campaign; the Federal Election Commission later fined the corporation. More controversy came in 2019 when the Enquirer published leaked text messages which revealed that Amazon founder Jeff Bezos was having an extramarital affair. Shortly thereafter, Bezos—who also owned The Washington Post, which was often critical of President Trump—initiated an investigation that reportedly found evidence that the Enquirer’s coverage of Bezos was politically motivated. Bezos later published an online essay in which he accused AMI of “extortion and bribery” for threatening to release compromising photographs if he did not stop the inquiry.
Amid these controversies, American Media merged with Accelerate360 in 2020 and became known as A360 Media. Three years later the National Enquirer and several of its sister publications were sold to VVIP Ventures.