Opium Wars

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Opium Wars

Q: What were the Opium Wars?

The Opium Wars were two conflicts fought in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty , which ruled China from 1644 to 1911/12. The first Opium War (1839–42) was fought between China and Great Britain, and the second Opium War (1856–60), also known as the Arrow War or the Anglo-French War in China, was fought by Great Britain and France against China.

Q: What caused the Opium Wars?

The first Opium War was the result of China’s attempt to suppress the illegal opium trade , which had led to widespread addiction in China and was causing serious social and economic disruption there. British traders were the primary source of the drug in China. The second Opium War was the result of the desire of Great Britain and France to win additional commercial privileges in China, including the legalization of the opium trade, as well as to gain more legal and territorial concessions in China.

Q: Who were the main combatants in the Opium Wars?

The first Opium War was fought between China and Great Britain. The second Opium War, also known as the Arrow War or the Anglo-French War in China, was fought by Great Britain and France against China. The United States and Russia, although not combatants, also received concessions from China as a result of this conflict.

Q: Who won the Opium Wars?

Not China. Great Britain won the first Opium War. The opium trade continued, and China had to compensate Great Britain for its losses, give Hong Kong Island to the British, and increase the number of treaty ports where the British could trade and reside. Great Britain and France won the second Opium War. China’s concessions included legalizing the opium trade and providing for the opening of more ports in China, foreign travel in the Chinese interior, residence for Western envoys in Beijing, and freedom of movement for Christian missionaries. China also gave Great Britain the southern portion of the Kowloon Peninsula , adjacent to Hong Kong.

Q: What were the long-term consequences of the Opium Wars?

The Opium Wars marked the start of the era of unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers (primarily Great Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan) in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights. This and other curtailments of the sovereignty of China’s ruling Qing dynasty helped weaken and ultimately topple the dynasty, beginning with a revolution on October 10, 1911. A republican government replaced the Qing dynasty in 1912.

Chinese history

Written by Kenneth Pletcher

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Dec 11, 2024 • Article History

Quick Facts

Date:: 1856 - 1860; 1839 - 1842

Location:: Guangzhou; China; Jiangsu; Guangdong; Beijing

Participants:: China; Qing dynasty; France; United Kingdom

Major Events:: Treaty of Nanjing; First Opium War; Arrow War

Key People:: Charles-Guillaume-Marie-Apollinaire-Antoine Cousin-Montauban, count de Palikao; Charles George Gordon; Sir Hugh Gough; Lin Zexu; Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier

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What were the Opium Wars?

What caused the Opium Wars?

Who were the main combatants in the Opium Wars?

Who won the Opium Wars?

What were the long-term consequences of the Opium Wars?

Opium Wars, two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1911/12. The first Opium War (1839–42) was fought between China and Britain, and the second Opium War (1856–60), also known as the Arrow War or the Anglo-French War in China, was fought by Britain and France against China. In each case the foreign powers were victorious and gained commercial privileges and legal and territorial concessions in China. The conflicts marked the start of the era of unequal treaties and other inroads on ...(100 of 959 words)

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