Protestantism - Restoration, 1660-85

Protestantism

Table of Contents

Introduction
Origins of Protestantism
The context of the late medieval church
The continental Reformation: Germany, Switzerland, and France
- The role of Luther
  - The indulgence system
  - Ninety-five Theses
  - Luther’s manifesto
  - Diet of Worms
- Radical reformers related to Luther’s reform
- Zwingli and his influence
  - The Anabaptists
  - Other groups
- The role of Calvin
- Calvinism in France
The Reformation in England and Scotland
- Henry VIII and the separation from Rome
- The role of John Knox
- The rise of Puritanism
  - Origins
  - Puritanism under the Stuarts (1603–49)
    - Events under James I
    - Events under Charles I
    - Civil war
  - The age of Cromwell (1649–60)
  - The Restoration (1660–85)
  - Puritanism in the English colonies
    - Virginia
    - Massachusetts Bay
    - Other colonies
The expansion of the Reformation in Europe
Protestant renewal and the rise of the denominations
- The setting for renewal
  - Survival of a mystical tradition
  - Catholic recovery of Protestant territories
  - Protestant scholasticism
- The rise of Pietism
  - Pietism in the 17th century
  - 18th-century Pietism in central Europe and England
  - 18th-century Pietism in Scandinavia and America
    - Denmark-Norway
    - North America
- Rationalism
- Evangelicalism in England and the Colonies
  - Methodism
  - The Great Awakening
- Legacies of the American Revolution and French Revolution
- The revival of Pietism
  - Germany
  - North America
- The era of Protestant expansion
  - Toleration
  - The rise of American Protestant influence
  - The spread of missions
- Revivalism in the 19th century
- New issues facing Protestantism in the 19th century
  - Churches and social change
  - Biblical criticism
Protestantism since the early 20th century
- Mainstream Protestantism
- Conservative and Evangelical forms of Protestantism
  - Pentecostalism
  - Fundamentalism
  - Evangelicalism
- Theological movements within Protestantism
- The ecumenical movement

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After the death of Cromwell, chaos threatened, and in the interest of order even some Puritans supported the restoration of Charles II as king. They hoped for a modified episcopal government, such as had been suggested in 1641 by the archbishop of Armagh, James Ussher (1581–1656). Such a proposal was satisfactory, however, to many Episcopals, Presbyterians, and Independents. When some veterans of the Westminster Assembly went to Holland in 1660 to meet with Charles before he returned, the king made it clear that there would be modifications to satisfy “tender consciences.” These Puritans were outmaneuvered, however, by those who favoured ...(100 of 23564 words)

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