Shaw v. Reno

Shaw v. Reno, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4) on June 28, 1993, that electoral districts whose boundaries cannot be adequately explained except as examples of racial gerrymandering, or efforts to segregate voters on the basis of race, can be challenged as potential violations of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits states from denying to any person the “equal protection of the laws.”

The case stemmed from a redistricting plan drawn up after the 1990 census by the state legislature of North Carolina. The plan created a second majority-Black district in the state at the behest of the U.S. Department of Justice, headed from 1993 to 2001 by Attorney General Janet Reno. This second majority-minority district, however, was winding and incongruous; some parts of it were only as wide as the interstate highway along which it proceeded. A group of five white residents of Durham county, North Carolina, headed by Ruth Shaw, challenged the redistricting plan in federal district court as an act of racial gerrymandering that violated various provisions of the Constitution, including the equal protection clause. The district court rejected the complaints, holding in particular that race-conscious redistricting is not unconstitutional per se, or in and of itself, and that the specific redistricting used to create the second Black-majority district in North Carolina did not violate the right of the state’s white population to equal protection of the laws, because the district was created with the purpose of preventing dilution of the voting power of Blacks in the state in keeping with Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (as amended in 1982) and because the redistricting plan did not similarly dilute the voting power of whites. The case was appealed directly to the Supreme Court, which heard oral arguments on April 20, 1993.

In a majority opinion written by Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, the Court ruled in favour of the plaintiffs, holding that redistricting plans that effectively segregate voters on the basis of race while disregarding conventional features of voting districts (such as geographical compactness and contiguity) and that lack “sufficient justification” can be challenged as possible violations of the equal protection clause. The Court held that, because they involve the apparent classification of voters by race, such plans should be subject to strict scrutiny, the highest standard of judicial review, which would require that the plan serve a compelling state interest and that it be the most narrowly tailored means of achieving that end. (Although North Carolina’s creation of a second Black-majority voting district did serve an important interest—that of complying with the Voting Rights Act by avoiding dilution of the Black vote in the state—a district of such an unconventional design was arguably not required for that purpose.) Although the Court agreed with the plaintiffs that the redistricting plan was challengeable under the equal protection clause, it did not find that the clause had in fact been violated; nor did it take any position on the general question of whether intentionally created majority-minority districts always give rise to equal-protection claims.

In the aftermath of the Shaw v. Reno decision, redistricting was held to new standards of justification; in general, race could no longer be the sole basis for creating or modifying a voting district. The case was repeatedly used as a roadblock to the creation of majority-minority voting districts after 1993.