Vitruvian Man

Vitruvian Man, drawing in metalpoint, pen and ink, and watercolour on paper (c. 1490) by the Renaissance artist, architect, and engineer Leonardo da Vinci. It depicts a nude male figure with the arms and legs in two superimposed positions so that the hands and feet touch the perimeters of both a square and a circle. One of Leonardo’s best-known works, the drawing has become an iconic image, often reproduced in art, science, and commerce.

The Vitruvian Man was partly influenced by the proportional theories of the Roman architect Vitruvius. In his treatise De architectura (1st century bce; On Architecture), Vitruvius proposed that a human figure could fit perfectly inside a circle and a square. He stated that if a man lay flat on his back with arms and legs extended, his fingers and toes would touch the circumference of a circle, with his navel at the centre. Vitruvius also observed that, because the height of the human body is the same measurement as the length of its outstretched arms, the human figure is comparable to a perfect square, whose sides are of equal measurement. However, Vitruvius’s treatise did not include illustrations, and in the 15th and 16th centuries several individuals, including Fra Giovanni Giocondo, Cesare Cesariano, and Francesco di Giorgio, attempted to illustrate Vitruvius’s ideal human. Many of these undertakings placed the circle inside the square or vice versa, thus requiring some distortion of the figure’s appendages.

Leonardo conducted his own research on the proportions of the human body, spending months measuring a number of young men. His notes above and below the drawing of the Vitruvian Man feature body measurements that he attributed to Vitruvius. The measurements are in fact mostly Leonardo’s own findings. His inquiries allowed him to break from Vitruvius’s measurements and other depictions of human proportions. He offset the square from the circle, and in the circle, he drew the man spread-eagle with his hands and feet touching the perimeter and his navel at the precise centre, per Vitruvius. Superimposed on this pose is one with the man’s legs together and his feet standing on the bottom of the square while his arms extend outward so that his hands touch the sides of the square. In this position, the area directly above the man’s genitals is at the centre of the square, per Leonardo’s own studies. By applying his own empirical evidence to his drawing of the ideal human body, Leonardo challenged the prevalent faith in the writings of antiquity.

The Vitruvian Man combines principles of humanism, geometry, anatomy, and art. The circle and the square were long thought of as symbols of the divine and the earthly, respectively. The arrangement of the figure within the two shapes reflects the Renaissance humanist belief that the human body is a microcosm of the universe. By studying the proportions of the ideal human body, Leonardo and his contemporaries, like intellectuals of antiquity, imagined that they could infer the rules guiding the universe. Moreover, by applying geometry and his knowledge of anatomy—subjects held in high regard during the Renaissance—Leonardo was taking part in an effort to elevate the status of fine arts, which were then seen as a handicraft.

The centuries-old artwork is housed in the Galleries of the Academy of Venice (Gallerie dell’Accademia di Venezia), though it is rarely exhibited because of its age and the fragility of works on paper. In 2019, however, the Vitruvian Man was loaned to the Louvre in Paris for its blockbuster exhibition marking the 500th anniversary of Leonardo’s death.