Evaluating decision-making models

Some models are more appropriate to certain situations than to others. Universities will tend to be “garbage cans,” but armies will tend to be rational hierarchies. The nature of the task, the technology, the personnel, and the context provide clues about what type of decision making will occur. The more specific the goal, the better understood the technology, the less professionalized the personnel, and the more stable the context, the more likely that rational decision making will occur.

However, the different models reflect different fundamental assumptions about human interaction and behaviour. Each has strengths and weaknesses. Rational decision making is an elegant and powerful model. But it also fails to accurately describe almost all actual decision making. Tinkering with it to accommodate psychology or politics makes it more realistic, but the model also loses elegance and analytic power, producing more description than prediction. The logic of appropriateness and temporal sorting may have the most intuitive appeal, but systematically applying them can be difficult, and producing confident predictions is nearly impossible.

Decision-making models have real implications for strategy and policy making. For example, arguments for school vouchers in education rest on the assumption that parents are rational decision makers and will choose to send their children to the best schools. If Simon is right and they are satisficers, however, parents need substantial assistance with researching and evaluating schools if they are to make rational choices. If parents actually use logic of appropriateness, the experts’ opinion of the best schools will not matter as much as their friends’ and neighbours’ opinions, which may have more to do with the basketball team or location than academics. Finally, if parents simply follow routines or are not paying attention, they will do nothing, because they will not receive any penalty for not exercising school choice, and the vouchers will only benefit those who are already paying attention, such as parents who send their children to private schools or homeschool their children.