disability rights movement
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disability rights movement, civil and social advocacy campaign that aims to ensure accessibility, equal opportunities, and inclusion for persons with disabilities worldwide. The disability rights movement is focused on breaking down social and physical barriers that otherwise prevent disabled individuals from engaging fully in employment and education and from living independently and enjoying freedom from discrimination.
The disability rights movement gained prominence in the mid-20th century, riding on the momentum of other civil rights movements. Early efforts focused on securing basic rights, access to education, and protections against abuse and discrimination. Today disability advocates and their allies continue to inspire change in societal attitudes and to engage in efforts to eliminate marginalization of disabled individuals.
Early developments
Progress toward disability rights initially began to take shape in the 1800s. In 1817 in Hartford, Connecticut, for example, the American School for the Deaf, the first school for hearing-impaired and Deaf persons in the United States, opened. Less than a decade later, in 1824, Braille, the system of writing used by persons affected by blindness, was invented in France. In the 1880s, however, with the rise of eugenics, progress in improving opportunities for disabled individuals slowed. Under the misguided notion that the human species could be improved through selective breeding, persons with disabilities were labeled “unfit,” as having defects that needed to be corrected or prevented through practices such as forced sterilization.
Following World War I, however, concerns about disabled war veterans inspired an increased focus on rehabilitation and vocational training for those with physical disabilities. In the 1930s in the United States, even as eugenics gained popular support, the onset of the Great Depression fueled the formation of the League of the Physically Handicapped, which advocated for equal employment opportunities for Americans with physical disabilities. In 1935 Franklin D. Roosevelt, the first U.S. president with a physical disability (paralysis mostly from the waist down caused by polio), established the Social Security Act, which provides benefits for general workers as well as for physically disabled individuals.
Key advances post–World War II
The foundation for future disability rights advocacy was solidified in 1948 with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was formed by the United Nations (UN) to ensure rights and freedoms for all people worldwide, without discrimination. The following decade the barrier-free movement was initiated, giving impetus to changes in public policy and building design that were fundamental to increasing accessibility for persons with mobility impairments. In the 1960s the independent living movement helped to normalize disability.
About the same time, encouraged by the civil rights movement, activists led efforts to improve the lives of persons in the disabled community. This work gave impetus to critical policies, including the Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons, adopted by the United Nations in 1971; the Rehabilitation Act, introduced in the United States in 1973; the Education of Handicapped Children Act (later Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), formed in 1974 in the United States; and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons, adopted in 1975. Also in the 1970s, Canada formed the Coalition of Provincial Organizations of the Handicapped (COPOH), a disability advocacy group almost exclusively composed of disabled persons. COPOH passed both the Human Rights Act (1985) and the Employment Equity Act (1986) in Canada; in 1994 the organization was renamed the Council of Canadians with Disabilities.
The 1980s marked a key turning point in disability rights. Perhaps most significantly, the UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983–92) created a framework for countries worldwide to develop programs for the rehabilitation and prevention of disabilities and for ensuring equal opportunity. During this period, disability rights gained momentum in many countries worldwide. In 1990, for example, the Americans with Disabilities Act was established to prohibit discrimination against individuals with disabilities in education, employment, and public services; the act continues to be a foundation for disability advocacy in the United States. The 1990s also marked the emergence of “Nothing About Us Without Us” in South Africa, a campaign that became a call to action for disability rights there. In India communities and organizations stepped up to demand that the government represent the interests of those affected by disability; the subsequent increase in disability awareness led to the country’s Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, passed in 1995. That same year, the Disability Discrimination Act came into effect in the United Kingdom.
The 21st century
In December 2006 the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)—the first international convention to address equal rights specifically for disabled persons. The CRPD came into force in 2008 and by 2023 was almost at universal ratification, with 186 States Parties. In 2011 support for the disability rights movement gained yet more momentum with the publication of the World Report on Disability by the World Health Organization. The report drew significant attention to barriers that prevent the inclusion of disabled persons and to the need for measures to improve the lives of those living with disabilities globally.
In 2021 the United Nations followed on its dedication to supporting disability rights with the launch of the UN Disability Inclusion Strategy. The Strategy promoted disability inclusion across UN member states and helped ongoing global efforts to advance accessibility, digital inclusion, and employment for those affected by disabilities. It further advocated for eliminating stigma and promoting representation for disabled persons.