expected value
- Related Topics:
- probability theory
- conditional expectation
expected value, in general, the value that is most likely the result of the next repeated trial of a statistical experiment. The probability of all possible outcomes is factored into the calculations for expected value in order to determine the expected outcome in a random trial of an experiment. Expected value uses all possible outcomes and their probabilities of occurring to find the weighted average of the data in the data set.
For a game spinner that has 8 equal segments made up of 1 yellow segment, 2 blue segments, 1 red segment, and 4 green segments, the “expected value” would correspond to which colour is statistically most likely to be the result of a single spin. Since 4 of the 8 segments are green, there is a 50 percent chance the spinner will land on green, which is the colour most likely to occur on a single spin.
When the experiment involves numerical data, the expected value is found by calculating the weighted value from the data using the formula
,in which E(x) represents the expected value, xi represents the event, and P(xi) represents the probability of the event. The sigma sign in this formula represents the sum of all events multiplied by their individual probabilities. It is necessary that the sum of all probabilities be equal to 1. It should also be noted that if the probability of each event is the same, the weighted value is the equivalent of the mean value of the data.
As an example, a game is created where the rolled number on a single die is the amount paid to the player, in dollars. The outcome from the roll of the die will be a number from 1 through 6. The probability of each value is 1/6, since each value is equally likely to be rolled.
| roll (x) | probability of roll | amount given ($) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1/6 | 1 |
| 2 | 1/6 | 2 |
| 3 | 1/6 | 3 |
| 4 | 1/6 | 4 |
| 5 | 1/6 | 5 |
| 6 | 1/6 | 6 |
This means that, on average, the expected amount to be paid out is $3.50. Notice that the mean of the data is also $3.50, since the total of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 divided by 6 is 3.5.
It is worth noting here that an expected value does not necessarily have to be a possible value from the data set. This represents what can be expected over many trials of the experiment.
Expected values can be used to establish, for example, how games are structured in a casino. If the last example were to be considered for a casino, the casino would use the expected value to set the cost for a player to play the game. With an expected value of $3.50 for the die game, setting a value to play below $3.50 would create a loss as the game operates over time. Setting the value above $3.50 would result in a profit over time. A casino patron who knows the expected value would determine whether or not to play the new game based on the cost to play. A patron would be less likely to play this new game as the cost to play increases beyond the expected value of $3.50. Simply put, a player would be more likely to try this game if the cost to play were $4 than if the cost to play were $5.
Expected values can also be used to determine expected profit or loss for an investment opportunity. If a new investment opportunity has a 75 percent chance of creating an 8 percent annual rate of return but a 25 percent chance to cause a 14 percent loss, the expected value can be used to determine if the investment is worth the risk.
| rate of return | probability |
|---|---|
| 8 percent | 0.75 |
| −14 percent | 0.25 |
This means that the long-term average rate of return on this opportunity is 2.5 percent. Since this is a positive value, the investment might be an opportunity to consider. If the expected value had been negative, then this investment opportunity would most likely represent an opportunity that investors would choose to avoid.