focus group

focus group, gathering of a small number of individuals who share common interests in specific issues or events and who are asked to take part in an interactive discussion. Focus groups typically are used to understand how people with common interests feel and think about an issue, a product, a service, or an idea. Research using focus groups began in the late 1930s and became increasingly popular from the 1950s, owing particularly to the use of focus groups in marketing studies.

The intent of focus group studies is to comprehend and determine the range of individuals’ thoughts and preferences rather than to infer or generalize how respondents might answer. Participants generally are asked open-ended questions, with no limit placed on their answers, within a comfortable and permissive environment facilitated by a skilled moderator. Questions typically are controversial or provocative yet clear, short, and one-dimensional.

The sample type and size of a focus group is determined by the purpose and nature of the study. Researchers often use purposeful sampling of participants in order to align the focus group with a specific target audience. Group size varies; for example, whereas between 10 and 12 people may be appropriate for a commercial topic group, 6 to 8 people may be more ideal for general social research.

Moderators commonly begin with easy general questions and conclude with more-specific questions. Moderators exhibit efficiency of time usage, encourage respondents to reply, and remain cautious when supplying participants with information about the topic or agenda. They also are required to have an appropriate background suited to the research and must listen to and be comfortable with others, avoid distraction, and know which questions are key to the proceedings.

Acquiring focus group data can be difficult because of both the spontaneity of respondents and the environment in which a focus group convenes. Whereas some focus groups meet in person, others meet via telephone or the Internet. Transcripts, recordings, notes, and memory-based tools often are employed in order to obtain significant information during group discussion. A common, popular strategy for analyzing such qualitative information is the so-called long-table approach, in which researchers compare answers in terms of frequency, specificity, emotion, and extensiveness. Since the late 20th century, researchers have also used computers to catch key words and manage data.

Although focus groups are a useful means of reflecting individuals’ true emotions and behaviours toward subjective issues, the difficulty in obtaining subjective information from a small number of homogenous participants can result in lower external validity than other research methods. Thus, there remains uncertainty as to whether the opinions expressed in a focus group can be generalized to larger populations.