inshallah
- Arabic:
- in shāʾ Allāh
inshallah, Arabic-language expression meaning literally “if God wills.”
Meaning and usage
In the Qurʾān
The widely used expression derives from the Qurʾān, where it frequently occurs in combination with statements about the future. In the 18th surah (chapter), Al-Kahf (The Cave), the Prophet Muhammad is exhorted in verses 23–24 to use the expression when making promises:
Never say of anything, “I will do so-and-so tomorrow,” without in shāʾ Allāh. When you forget [to say it], remember your Lord, and say, “May the Lord guide me to more righteous conduct than this.”
According to some Muslim commentators, this verse refers to an event in which Muhammad’s prophethood is tested with questions about the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus. Muhammad promises to have an answer from God the following day, but, because he does not say in shāʾ Allāh, Muhammad fails to receive a revelation for 15 days. The incident thus demonstrates that God is in command and that Muhammad cannot simply divine a revelation by his own will alone. In this sense, in shāʾ Allāh concedes one’s will in favour of God’s, a self-recusal referred to as istithnāʾ.
In speech
The idiom is thus associated with Islam, but its meaning is generic enough that Arabs of other faiths also use the everyday expression. It is typical in the speech of Arab Christians, for instance, although they may occasionally substitute religious expressions that are specific to the Christian community. It is most typically used to express hope that a certain future event will come about, like the English-language expression God willing.
Some Muslims associate the expression with the doctrine of predestination, the belief that God has already chosen the fate of the universe. However, Shiʿis, members of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, reject the strict determinism of Sunni theology, the other arm of Islam, and that Shiʿis as well as Christians use the phrase suggests that the expression was already widely employed before the predestination interpretation was applied to it.
A secondary use of the phrase is to express doubt that a certain outcome will indeed come to pass. In these cases, it may deflect commitment to carry out a certain task, as with the English sentence We’ll see. A notably astute use of inshallah in this cynical manner came from the 2020 U.S. presidential candidate Joe Biden during a debate with incumbent Pres. Donald Trump. When Trump promised to release his tax returns to the public, Biden responded: “When? Inshallah?” But almost paradoxically, and less commonly observed by non-Muslim English speakers, the phrase can also indicate a sincere intent to carry out a task when used as a response to a yes-or-no question.
Etymology, history, and usage outside of Arabic
The words in (“if”) and shāʾ (“willed”) are archaic. They appeared with some frequency in Qurʾānic Arabic but quickly disappeared from the literary lexicon of Classical Arabic, apart from fossilized expressions and direct quotations of the Qurʾān. The word shāʾ is similarly used in the phrase ma shāʾ Allāh (or mashallah; “what God has willed”), an expression of gratitude regarding past events.
In modern Arabic usage, the words shāʾ and Allāh are typically pronounced together—as if shAllah—leading to the common spelling of inshallah as one word in the Latin alphabet. Historically, these two words were separated by a glottal stop, a sound that is retained in formal Arabic speech but dropped in colloquial locution.
Religious Muslims use the phrase cross-linguistically. Because the Qurʾān is considered to be the literal word of God, the quotation of phrases like in shāʾ Allāh in their original Arabic wording holds sacred significance. The phrase inshallah is therefore used by English-speaking Muslims in everyday speech. Likewise, it has been borrowed into several languages whose speakers are predominantly Muslim, such as Persian, Malay, Turkish, and Urdu.
Prolonged contact between Muslims and Christians in the Iberian Peninsula led to the absorption of a sister phrase, either law shāʾ Allāh or wa shāʾ Allāh (both phrases also carrying the meaning of “if God wills”), into the Ibero-Romance languages. The phrase was pronounced as one word and spelled phonetically as oxalá (where the letter x represents the palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/), as remains the situation in Portuguese today. A sound change in Spanish, completed by the 15th century, shifted pronunciation of x from the alveolar ridge to the soft palate. The modern spelling, ojalá, reflects this change in pronunciation. In these Romance languages, the phrase has lost all religious connotations.