library

Table of Contents

Introduction
The changing role of libraries
The history of libraries
- The ancient world
  - Greece and Alexandria
  - Pergamum
  - Rome
  - Byzantium
  - The Islāmic world
- The Middle Ages and the Renaissance
  - The role of the European monasteries
  - The new learning
  - Effects of the Reformation and religious wars
  - The Islāmic world
- 17th and 18th centuries and the great national libraries
  - Library planning
  - Emergence of national collections
  - The effects of the French Revolution
- Later developments
Types of libraries
- National libraries
  - Bibliothèque Nationale
  - The British Library
  - Library of Congress
  - Russian State Library
  - Other national collections
- University and research libraries
- Public libraries
- Special libraries
- School libraries
- Private libraries
- Subscription libraries
- Archives
National libraries of the world
The library operation
- Training and library management
  - The professional librarian
  - Training institutes
- Library materials
  - Types of materials
    - Ancient materials
    - Photographs
    - Audiovisual materials
    - Magnetic materials
  - Access to materials
- Technical services
  - Acquisition and supply
    - Criteria for selection
    - Acquisition systems
  - Cataloging
    - Cataloging by author and subject
    - Catalog systems
    - Vehicles for catalogs
    - Catalog standardization
      Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
      Resource Description and Access
      Other codes
    - Thesauri
  - Classification
    - The Dewey Decimal system
    - The Universal Decimal system
    - The Library of Congress system
    - The Bliss system
    - The Colon system
    - The Marxist system
  - Preservation
    - Reformatting
    - Deacidification
    - Future-conscious manufacturing
- User services
  - Circulation
  - Reference and retrieval
    - Retrospective searching
    - Current-awareness service
  - Community information
    - Library extension programs
    - Community awareness programs
- Interlibrary relations
  - Library cooperation
    - Interlibrary lending
    - Cooperative acquisition and storage
    - Cooperative cataloging
  - Associations and international organizations

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library summary

library

Also known as: librarianship

Written by Salman Haider, Frank C. Francis•All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Dec 8, 2024 • Article History

Key People:: Walter Netsch; Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach; H.H. Richardson; Belle da Costa Greene; Jacopo Sansovino

Related Topics:: bookmobile; research library; parish library; chitalishte; circulating library

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Costs of new Shenfield Library increased by more than £100k • Dec. 7, 2024, 7:02 PM ET (BBC)

library, traditionally, collection of books used for reading or study, or the building or room in which such a collection is kept. The word derives from the Latin liber, “book,” whereas a Latinized Greek word, bibliotheca, is the origin of the word for library in German, Russian, and the Romance languages. From their historical beginnings as places to keep the business, legal, historical, and religious records of a civilization, libraries have emerged since the middle of the 20th century as a far-reaching body of information resources and services that do not even require a building. Rapid developments in computers, telecommunications, ...(100 of 18999 words)

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