monarchomach
monarchomach, (from Greek monarchos + -machos, “one who fights against the monarch”), any member of a group of 16th-century French Calvinist theorists who criticized absolute monarchy and religious persecution while defending various related doctrines of ancient constitutionalism, social contract, and resistance to unjust or tyrannical government, up to and including by means of tyrannicide. The word was coined by the Scottish absolutist William Barclay, who intended it as a term of abuse.
Although French Calvinists had long offered intellectual justifications for resistance to persecution, the term monarchomach is generally reserved for those who wrote after the 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris, in which thousands of Huguenots were slaughtered, an event that made clear that thenceforth religious persecution in France had royal support. The three most-important figures in the movement were François Hotman, the author of Franco-Gallia (1573); Theodore Beza, successor to Calvin as leader of Geneva and author of De jure magistratuum (1574; “On the Rights of the Magistrate”; and the pseudonymous Stephanus Junius Brutus, the author or authors of Vindiciae contra tyrannos (1579; “A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants”), often thought to be Philippe de Mornay, seigneur du Plessis-Marly. The Scottish thinker George Buchanan is also often included, as he was included by Barclay. Although they did not agree among themselves on all matters of method or substance, they shared a great deal and are usefully thought of as a group.
The idea that unjust laws and tyrannical rule might be disobeyed or resisted is an old idea in political theory. The monarchomachs, however, contributed novel modern elements, including the characterization of constitutional law as a contract between monarch and people. When the contract was broken by royal overreach, not only was the duty to obey lost but, under at least some circumstances, a right or duty to resist—to enforce the contract—came into existence.
The great intellectual rival of the monarchomachs in their own day was Jean Bodin, who, in his Six Livres de la république (1576; The Six Bookes of a Commonweale [1606]), defended a near-absolutist conception of sovereignty and denied that ancient constitutions or mechanisms of consent could coherently limit the authority of the sovereign.