monkeywrenching

monkeywrenching, nonviolent disobedience and sabotage carried out by environmental activists against those whom they perceive to be ecological exploiters. The term came into use after the publication of author Edward Abbey’s novel The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975), which described the activities of a group of “environmental warriors” in Utah and Arizona. Beginning in the early 21st century, the term was used occasionally to indicate other forms of anticapitalist global activism. An equivalent term is ecotage (a portmanteau of the prefix eco- and the word sabotage). Monkeywrenching is distinct from activities termed ecoterrorism, which is often a misnomer and is properly applicable to rogue examples or individuals. In contrast, monkeywrenching is typically motivated by a regard for preservation of life and is ordinarily restricted to two forms: either to nonviolent disobedience or to sabotage that does not directly endanger others.

Familiar civil disobedience scenarios include activists in vessels who place themselves between harpoon and whale or who chain themselves to earthmoving equipment, thus placing themselves at risk of injury if the activity that they have interrupted should continue. A famous example of monkeywrenching is that of Julia Butterfly Hill, who sat in a treetop in northern California for 738 consecutive days, beginning in December 1997, and successfully secured the tree, a 1,000-year-old redwood, against logging by the Pacific Lumber Company. Acting in collaboration with the protest organization Earth First!, Hill tree sat until the parties reached a long-term preservation agreement.

The second approach for monkeywrenching involves destruction of unattended property by guerrilla methods. Scuttling whaling vessels, cutting fishing nets, and contaminating the fuel of unattended earthmoving equipment are familiar examples. Arson is another common technique employed. For example, construction sites and car dealerships that sell energy-inefficient cars have been burned down by activists. The California-based Earth Liberation Front is one clandestine group that engages in such activities. The closely associated Animal Liberation Front commits related acts against exploiters of animals, and the independent Sea Shepherd Conservation Society focuses on the marine habitat.

In some instances monkeywrenching does approach terrorism, as opposed to causing merely nuisance or economic harm. A clear example is tree spiking, in which metal or ceramic spikes are driven deep within trees for the purpose of damaging chain saws or blades at sawmills. Spiking has been credited with halting or delaying some U.S. Forest Service logging contracts, but it has also caused the serious injury of at least one sawmill worker. It has been used as a legally permitted tactic for deterring illegal deforestation in Indonesia. Following a spiking, spikers usually mark trees or anonymously alert companies and government agencies of their activities so as to avoid harm to loggers. But markings on trees, along with the knowledge that a stand has been spiked, may be lost over the very many years that a forest stands. Consequently, any spiking is likely to pose significant irremediable long-term danger.

Monkeywrenchers have themselves suffered illegal sabotage and death. The most famous case is the 1985 bombing of the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand, by French intelligence agents.