so
historical Japanese tax
so, in early Japan, a land tax levied by the central government per unit of allotted land. It was introduced during the Taika reforms (645–649 ce) and fully implemented during the Heian period (794–1185). Formally considered a land rental fee, the so was usually paid as a portion of the rice yield. Some of the rice went to the central government; the rest was deposited in provincial granaries. With the increase in exemptions by the 11th century, the system of land tenure and its associated tax institutions declined.