social movement: References & Edit History

Rudolf Heberle, Social Movements: An Introduction to Political Sociology (1951), develops general theories but focuses on the relationship between social movements and political parties. Clarence W. King, Social Movements in the United States (1956), develops general principles from the analysis of selected social movements. Hans Toch, The Social Psychology of Social Movements (1965); and Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn W. Sherif, Social Psychology (1969), represent theoretical approaches, placing greater emphasis on individual motivational and perceptual processes. Lyford P. Edwards, The Natural History of Revolution (1927, reprinted 1970); Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution, rev. ed. (1965); and George S. Pettee, The Process of Revolution (1938, reissued 1971), represent attempts to develop general theories of revolution as a type of social movement through the analyses of American and European revolutions. A similar effort based on studies of revolutions in Latin America and the Middle East is found in Carl Leiden and Karl M. Schmitt, The Politics of Violence (1968, reprinted 1980). There are numerous studies of particular social movements. Representative of those that include theoretical propositions, as well as historical descriptions, are E.J. Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries, 3rd ed. (1971); Cora Du Bois, The 1870 Ghost Dance (1939, reprinted 1976); Kenelm Burridge, Mambu: A Melanesian Millennium (1960, reissued as Mambu: A Study of Melanesian Cargo Movements and Their Ideological Background, 1970), studies of nativistic movements; and Frederick Krantz (ed.), History from Below: Studies in Popular Protest and Popular Ideology in Honour of George Rudé (1985). Analyses of Communism and Nazism are found in Philip Selznick, The Organizational Weapon: A Study of Bolshevik Strategy and Tactics (1952, reissued 1979); and Theodore Abel, Why Hitler Came into Power (1938, reprinted 1986). Essays on the Algerian revolution are found in Frantz Fanon, Studies in a Dying Colonialism (1965; originally published in French, 1959). Analyses of social movements in the United States are found in Thomas H. Greer, American Social Reform Movements: Their Pattern Since 1865 (1949, reprinted 1980); Lewis M. Killian, The Impossible Revolution? Black Power and the American Dream, 2nd ed. (1975); Jerome H. Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (1969); and Alec Barbrook and Christine Bolt, Power and Protest in American Life (1980). A source on the new social movements is Jürgen Habermas, Die Neue Unübersichtlichkeit: Kleine politische Schriften V (1985).