Haupt had proclaimed in his lectures that his main object was to teach method. But confidence in method led to its misuse. The Lachmannian formula of recension was applied to texts, classical as well as medieval, for which it was unsuitable, often with grotesque results. Commonly this took the form of choosing on “scientific” (i.e., stemmatic) grounds a “best manuscript” (codex optimus) and defending its readings as authoritative even where common sense showed that they could not be authentic. This was the type of editing satirized by A.E. Housman in the brilliant prefaces to his editions of Manilius (1903) and Juvenal (1905) and in many reviews and articles. It flourished chiefly between 1875 and 1900, but the dangers of excessive methodological rigidity had already been foreseen. In 1841 H. Sauppe in his Epistola Critica ad G. Hermannum had emphasized the diversity of transmissional situations and the difficulty or actual impossibility of classifying the manuscripts in all cases. In 1843 Lachmann’s pupil O. Jahn, in his edition of Persius, had repudiated the strict application of the genealogical method as unsuitable to the tradition of that poet. The most extreme position was taken by E. Schwartz, who in his edition of Eusebius’s Historia ecclesiastica (1909) denied that “vertically” transmitted texts of Greek books existed at all. The limitations of the stemmatic method have subsequently been stressed in a more temperate fashion by other writers. The modern tendency is to acknowledge the validity of the method in principle while recommending a cautious empiricism in its application. For the editor of a contaminated tradition—and most traditions are probably contaminated—the lesson of recent research is that authoritative evidence may survive even in late and generally corrupt or interpolated sources.

More radical criticism of the method has come from medievalists. In 1913 and again in 1928 the French scholar J. Bédier attacked the stemmatic method because the stemmata it produced for medieval texts almost invariably had only two branches. Subsequent investigation has shown that Bédier overrated the inherent improbability of this situation, and it is generally agreed that his criticisms had to do with improper application rather than with the method itself. The point taken by H. Quentin (1922) has already been mentioned: that the method entails argument in a circle, since it relies on the identification of errors at the beginning of a process designed to lead to that very end. This objection, more cogent in theory than in practice, applies with greater force to medieval than to classical texts. The linguistic and stylistic canons of classical Greek and Latin are relatively strict and well defined, whereas the vocabulary, grammar, and usage of many medieval authors (especially when an oral prehistory is in question) is often not certain enough to allow reliable discrimination between variant and error. Classical texts, moreover, have passed through a series of bottlenecks in their history, which have simplified editorial problems by eliminating a high proportion of the evidence (cf. the remarks on papyri above). With a few exceptions, such as the commentary of Servius, only one version of each text remains to be reconstructed, whereas many medieval texts are extant in several redactions that cannot be winnowed by the stemmatic method so as to leave only one. Quentin’s own method, which depended on the comparison of variants in groups of three, without prejudice as to their correctness, has not been generally adopted. It is immensely laborious and does not in practice possess the objectivity that its inventor claimed for it. Bédier and Quentin have, however, done good service to textual criticism in enjoining caution. The best critics in all fields now agree in rejecting the “logical” (i.e., the illogical) application of any method if the results conflict with common sense, and in stressing the necessity of judging variant readings and forms of a text on their intrinsic merits in the light of the information available.

Mechanical methods

Quentin also gave a lead to later investigators in calling attention to the possibility of basing recension on the variants themselves, and the more sophisticated methods of Greg (1927), Archibald Hill (1950), Vinton Dearing (1959), and J. Froger (1968) may be seen as a continuation of his work. It has already been suggested that methods of this type, so far as recension is concerned, have been of primarily theoretical interest. But the use of mechanical and computing techniques in this field is in its infancy, and assessment must be provisional. Certain practical applications seem to have proved themselves. Mechanical aids to collation have been successfully used in editing Shakespeare and Dryden. Computer storage and analysis of texts can provide information about authorial usage, such as stylistic and metrical patterns, and facilitate the production of concordances. These aids are more relevant to conjectural emendation (as shown by their application to the Dead Sea Scrolls) and the “higher” criticism (e.g., determination of authenticity) than to the recension of texts. The formula or machine that will do the critic’s essential work for him still awaits discovery; the best texts are produced by the best scholars, whatever their method or lack of method. Lachmann observed that the establishment of a text according to its tradition is a strictly historical undertaking. Twentieth-century research into the composition and transmission of ancient, medieval, and modern texts has confirmed the truth of his pronouncement.