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ʿulamāʾ: References & Edit History
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Assorted References
- criticism by Shaʿrānī
- In ash-Shaʿrānī
- interpretation of kanuns
- In kanun
- opposition to Russian colonialism
- significance in Islamic world
- Turkish literature
role in
- Iran
- Mamlūk dynasty in Egypt
- Mughal empire
- Ottoman society
- reign of Muḥammad ibn Tughluq
- Shiʿah
- Sudan
use of
- religious dress
- sheikh title
- In sheikh
Additional Reading
George Makdisi, Religion, Law, and Learning in Classical Islam (1991), examines the emergence and development of schools of religious and legal thought in medieval Islam. The continuing importance of the traditional ʿulamāʾ in modern Muslim-majority societies is described in Muhammad Qasim Zaman, The Ulama in Contemporary Islam (2007).
Asma AfsaruddinArticle Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Added mention of the singular form of ʿulamāʾ, ʿālim. | Feb 12, 2020 | ||
| Added bibliography. | Mar 27, 2018 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 27, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: Columbia University in the City of New York - The 'Ulama in Transition: The Eighteenth Century. | May 02, 2016 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jul 11, 2007 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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