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Hymenoptera
Table of Contents
References & Edit History Quick Facts & Related Topics
Images, Videos & Interactives
Bumblebee Sawfly All Hail the Queens Chalcid wasp Honey ant repletes Honeybee castes
Why bees are important to the environment
Army ants Haplodiploidy in bees Tarantula hawk wasp
Quizzes
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Hymenoptera: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

General works

K.V. Krombein et al., Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico (1958); Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, 3 vol. (1979).

Evolution

S.I. Malyshev, Genesis of the Hymenoptera and the Phases of Their Evolution (1968; orig. pub. in Russian, 1966).

Social insects

C.D. and M.H. Michener, American Social Insects (1951); D.W. Morley, The Evolution of an Insect Society (1954); W.M. Wheeler, The Social Insects: Their Origin and Evolution (1928); E.D. Wilson, The Insect Societies (1971).

Specific taxonomic groups

C.H. Andrewes, The Lives of Wasps and Bees (1969); W.S. Creighton, The Ants of North America (1950); H.E. Evans, The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps (1966), and Wasp Farm (1963, reissued 1985); M. Lindauer, Communication Among Social Bees, 3rd ed. (1971); T.B. Mitchell, Bees of the Eastern United States, 2 vol. (1960–62); C.R. Ribbands, The Behaviour and Social Life of Honeybees (1953, reissued 1964); K. von Frisch, The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees (1967, reissued 1993; originally published in German, 1965); W.M. Wheeler, Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behaviour (1910, reissued 1960); Paul D. Hurd et al., Principal Sunflower Bees of North America with Emphasis on the Southwestern United States (1980).

Martin Lindauer

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

Other Contributors

  • Rasoul Shiri

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Removed description of the honeybee waggle dance. Dec 17, 2024
Added cross-references and media throughout. Oct 28, 2024
Modified link of Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Profiling hymenopteran venom toxins: Protein families, structural landscape, biological activities, and pharmacological benefits. Oct 11, 2024
Noted that thelytoky results in the production of female offspring. Sep 04, 2024
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Profiling hymenopteran venom toxins: Protein families, structural landscape, biological activities, and pharmacological benefits. Aug 09, 2024
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Actinomycetes associated with hymenopteran insects: a promising source of bioactive natural products. Jun 12, 2024
Add new Web site: University of Massachusetts Amherst - Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment - Hymenoptera (Suborder: Symphyta). Mar 22, 2024
Add new Web site: North Dakota State University - Hymenoptera. Feb 08, 2024
Added cross-references. Dec 01, 2023
Add new Web site: CALS Encyclopedia of Arkansas - Hymenoptera. Sep 22, 2023
Add new Web site: Nature Communications - Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. May 29, 2023
Corrected display issue. Aug 18, 2022
Media added. Nov 12, 2019
Media added. Aug 24, 2018
Updated information on the timing of hymenopteran evolution. Dec 14, 2015
Added image of a gall wasp. Apr 18, 2012
Added image of queen, worker, and drone honeybees. May 03, 2010
Geologic time data updated. Feb 16, 2010
Added image depicting haplodiploidy in bees. Feb 16, 2010
Added new Web site: Earth-Life Web Productions - The Hymenoptera. Sep 17, 2008
Added new Web site: Banglapedia - Hymenoptera. Sep 17, 2008
Added new Web site: NC State University - College of Agriculture and Life Sciences - General Entomology - Hymenoptera. Sep 16, 2008
Media added. Sep 11, 2008
Article revised and updated. Sep 24, 2007
Article revised and updated. Mar 29, 2007
Added new Web site: Ants, Bees and Wasps: Index of the Order Hymenoptera. May 08, 2006
Article added to new online database. Jul 26, 1999
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