tunicate: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

E.J.W. Barrington, The Biology of Hemichordata and Protochordata (1965), is an account of the lower chordates and their evolution; N.J. Berrill, The Origin of Vertebrates (1955), argues the thesis that the urochordate larva represents the prototype from which cephalochordates and vertebrates are derived; A. Willey, Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates (1894), an early but good comprehensive account, presents the orthodox theory of chordate relationships; R.P.S. Jefferies, The Ancestry of the Vertebrates (1986), expounds an alternate theory of chordate origin; and Libbie H. Hyman, The Invertebrates, vol. 5, Smaller Coelomate Groups (1959), is a classic work treating the hemichordates in extensive detail. Later works include Charles K. Weichert and William Presch, Elements of Chordate Anatomy, 4th ed. (1975); and R. McNeill Alexander, The Chordates, 2nd ed. (1981); supplemented by Brian Bracegirdle and Patricia H. Miles, An Atlas of Chordate Structure (1978).

N.J. Berrill, The Tunicata with an Account of the British Species (1950, reprinted 1968), a taxonomic survey with a useful section on tunicate biology; Pierre P. Grasse (ed.), Traité de zoologie: anatomie, systématique, biologie, vol. 11, Echinodermes, stomocordés, procordés (1966), an advanced zoological treatise devoted to protochordates, with good illustrations; W.A. Herdman, “Tunicata (Ascidians and Their Allies)” and “Cephalochordata,” in The Cambridge Natural History, vol. 7, pp. 35–138 (1904), an important general account; R.N. Millar, The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea (1982), a morphological account of a single species of ascidian; Willard G. Van Name, “The North and South American Ascidians,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 84 (1945). For a later treatment, see “Invertebrate Chordates: Tunicates and Lancelets,” in Vicki Pearse et al., Living Invertebrates (1987).

Michael T. Ghiselin

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Add new Web site: BMC - BMC Biology - A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates. Oct 10, 2024
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology - Sensory cells in tunicates: insights into mechanoreceptor evolution. Aug 27, 2024
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology - Sensory cells in tunicates: insights into mechanoreceptor evolution. Aug 27, 2024
Add new Web site: Maine.gov - Department of Marine Resources - Tunicates aka Sea Squirts. Jun 04, 2024
Add new Web site: UNESCO - Encyclopedia Life Support Systems - Tunicata and Cephalochordata. Feb 09, 2024
Add new Web site: Marine Education Society of Australia - Tunicates. Nov 30, 2023
Add new Web site: University of Washington - Departments Web Server - What's a Tunicate? Sep 21, 2023
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Early Development in Tunicates. Jul 25, 2023
Add new Web site: Smithsonian Ocean - Tunicates—Not So Spineless Invertebrates. Jun 01, 2023
Add new Web site: Earth Life - Tunicates: Miraculous Sea Squirts Named After Their "Tunics". Mar 27, 2014
Added a photo of a sea squirt colony growing on a coral reef near Myanmar, a photo of a marine flatworm feeding on sea squirts in the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia, and a photo of a chain of fluorescent tunicates. Jul 12, 2011
Media added. Feb 24, 2011
Add new Web site: Fact Monster - Science - Tunicate. Jan 16, 2011
Article updated and revised. Nov 26, 2008
Article added to new online database. Jul 26, 1999
View Changes:
Article History
Revised:
By: