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While al-Jāḥiẓ and al-Tawḥīdī represent the higher achievements of those who practiced the arts and subgenres of adab, many other court officials, bureaucrats, and arbiters of public discourse contributed to a continuing process whereby information, opinion, and entertainment were placed at the disposal of the educated elite of the courts within the Islamic dominions. Ibn Qutaybah followed the early example of ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd and Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ in preparing manuals on scribal practice and etiquette, but he also played a major role in laying the groundwork for further research in a number of fields, including the meaning of the Qurʾān, orthodoxy, ...(100 of 18772 words)