Aḥmad Bābā

Aḥmad Bābā (born Oct. 26, 1556, Arawān, near Timbuktu, Songhai Empire—died April 22, 1627, Timbuktu) was a jurist, writer, and a cultural leader of the western Sudan.

A descendant of a line of jurists, Aḥmad Bābā was educated in Islāmic culture, including jurisprudence. When Timbuktu was conquered by the Sultan of Morocco in 1591, he was accused of refusing to recognize the Sultan’s authority and of plotting a rebellion. In 1594 he was deported to the Moroccan capital of Marrakūsh. The conditions of his captivity were liberal, and he was allowed to teach and practice law. His fatwās (legal opinions) dating from this period are noted for their clarity of thought and clear exposition of Islāmic judicial principles. He also compiled a biographical dictionary of the famous Mālikī (one of the four schools of Islāmic law) jurists; this work is still an important source of information concerning the lives of Mālikite jurists and Moroccan religious personalities.

When the Sultan of Morocco died in 1603, Aḥmad Bābā was allowed to return to his native city. He spent the last years of his life in scholarly pursuits, which included writing a treatise on the populations of the western Sudan and a grammar of Arabic that is still used in northern Nigeria.