Andrew Wiles

Andrew Wiles (born April 11, 1953, Cambridge, England) is a British mathematician who proved Fermat’s last theorem. In recognition, he was awarded a special silver plaque—he was beyond the traditional age limit of 40 years for receiving the gold Fields Medal—by the International Mathematical Union in 1998. He also received the Wolf Prize (1995–96), the Abel Prize (2016), and the Copley Medal (2017).

Wiles was educated at Merton College, Oxford (B.A., 1974), and Clare College, Cambridge (Ph.D., 1980). Following a junior research fellowship at Cambridge (1977–80), Wiles held an appointment at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in 1982 he moved to Princeton (New Jersey) University, where he became professor emeritus in 2012. Wiles subsequently joined the faculty at Oxford.

Wiles worked on a number of outstanding problems in number theory: the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectures, the principal conjecture of Iwasawa theory, and the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil conjecture. The last work provided resolution of the legendary Fermat’s last theorem (not really a theorem but a long-standing conjecture)—i.e., that there do not exist positive integer solutions of xⁿ + yⁿ = zⁿ for n > 2. In the 17th century Fermat had claimed a solution to this problem, posed 14 centuries earlier by Diophantus, but he gave no proof, claiming insufficient room in the margin. Many mathematicians had tried to solve it over the intervening centuries, but with no success. Wiles had been fascinated by the problem from the age of 10, when he first saw the conjecture. In his paper in which the proof of the theorem appears, Wiles starts off with Fermat’s quote (in Latin) about the margin being too narrow and then proceeds to give a recent history of the problem leading up to his solution.

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During the seven years Wiles devoted to developing his proof, he worked on little else. His solution involves elliptic curves and modular forms and builds on the work of Gerhard Frey, Barry Mazur, Kenneth Ribet, Karl Rubin, Jean-Pierre Serre, and many others. The results were first announced in a series of lectures at Cambridge in June 1993—lectures innocently titled “Modular Forms, Elliptic Curves, and Galois Representations.” When the implications of the lectures became clear, it created a sensation, but, as often happens in the case of complicated proofs of extremely difficult problems, there were some gaps in the argument that had to be filled in, and this process was not completed until 1995, with help from Richard Taylor.

His paper “Modular Elliptic Curves and Fermat’s Last Theorem” was published in the Annals of Mathematics 141:3 (1995), pp. 443–551, accompanied by a necessary additional article, “Ring-Theoretic Properties of Certain Hecke Algebras,” coauthored with Taylor. Wiles was knighted in 2000.