Bruno Latour

Bruno Latour (born June 22, 1947, Beaune, France—died October 9, 2022, Paris) was a French sociologist and anthropologist known for his innovative and iconoclastic work in the study of science and technology in society.

Latour’s early studies were in philosophy and theology, but his interests expanded to include anthropology and the philosophy of science and technology while he was stationed in Côte d’Ivoire for military service in the early 1970s. He received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Tours in 1975.

Latour’s subsequent work dealt with the activities of communities of scientists. His book Laboratory Life (1979), written with Steven Woolgar, a sociologist, was the result of more than a year spent observing molecular biologists at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences in La Jolla, California. Latour and Woolgar’s account broke away from the positivist view of scientific inquiry as a rational and largely asocial process capable of uncovering universally valid truths regarding the natural world. They instead presented scientific knowledge as an artificial product of various social, political, and economic interactions, most of them competitive.

Latour further expanded on these ideas in such books as Les Microbes: guerre et paix, suivi de irréductions (1984; published in English as The Pasteurization of France), Science in Action (1987), and Nous n’avons jamais été modernes (1991; We Have Never Been Modern). In his writings, Latour often likened the scientific community to a battlefield: new theories, facts, techniques, and technologies succeeded by marshalling enough users and supporters to overwhelm any alternatives, thus immunizing themselves against future challenges. It was by winning this fight for dominance that scientific facts came to be true; Latour dismissed questions about the universal validity of scientific facts as both unanswerable and irrelevant to his concerns. This insistence on seeing scientific facts as purely social constructions sometimes led Latour to conclusions that were seen as absurd outside the community of social theorists. In 1998, for example, Latour rejected as anachronistic the recent discovery that the pharaoh Ramses II had died of tuberculosis, asserting that the tubercle bacillus was discovered only in 1882 and could not properly be said to have existed before then.

Another distinguishing aspect of Latour’s work was its focus on the complex and heterogeneous relationships between both human and nonhuman agents. He argued that the production of scientific knowledge could be understood only by tracing networks of relationships between entities as disparate as lab animals, existing scientific texts, human researchers, experimental subjects, established technologies, and social movements, among others. This approach became known as actor-network theory, and its influence soon spread beyond Latour’s field of science and technology studies. Latour’s work exasperated many practicing scientists with its denial of the existence of objective truths and its claims to have unmasked science as a social process and debunked its pretenses of rationality. However, his work was welcomed by many social scientists for its fresh and innovative approach to the study of science.

In 2013 he was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize, which is given for outstanding achievement in the arts, humanities, social sciences, law, and theology. The award recognized Latour for his influential ethnographic and theoretical studies of science and technology in society.

While conducting his research, Latour also taught. Between 1982 and 2006, he taught at MINES ParisTech (École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris). He later was a professor (2006–17) at the Institute of Political Sciences (Institut des Sciences Politiques; “Sciences Po”) in Paris and served as its vice president for research (2007–13).

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Among Latour’s many books were Aramis; ou, l’amour des techinques (1992; Aramis; or, The Love of Technology), which traces a failed attempt to construct an automated personal rapid transit system in Paris; Politiques de la nature (1999; The Politics of Nature), an examination of the connections between nature, science, and politics; and Sur le culte moderne des dieux faitiches (2009; On the Modern Cult of the Factish Gods), which draws connections between religious and scientific belief systems. His later books included Enquête sur les modes d’existence (2012; An Inquiry into Modes of Existence).