Grigory Orlov

Grigory Orlov (born October 6 [October 17, New Style], 1734, Lyutkino, Tver province, Russia—died April 13 [April 24], 1783, Neskuchnoye, near Moscow) was a military officer and lover of Catherine the Great, empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. He organized the coup d’état that placed Catherine on the Russian throne and subsequently was her close adviser.

Having entered the cadet corps in 1749, Orlov became an artillery officer and fought in the Battle of Zorndorf (1758) during the Seven Years’ War (1756–63). In 1759, after escorting a Prussian prisoner of war to St. Petersburg, he was introduced to the grand duke Peter and his wife, Catherine. Leading a riotous life in the capital, Orlov caught Catherine’s fancy, and around 1760 he became her lover.

After Peter ascended the Russian throne (1762) as Peter III, Orlov and his brother Aleksey Grigoryevich planned the coup d’état of July 1762 that overthrew Peter and made Catherine Russia’s empress. Catherine then gave her lover the title of count, promoted him to the rank of adjutant general, and made him director-general of engineers and general in chief, but her political mentor, Nikita Panin, frustrated her intention of marrying Orlov. Grigory then began to study natural science and was one of the founders of the Free Economic Society (1765), which was organized to modernize the country’s agricultural system.

While Catherine was composing her “Instruction” for the legislative commission that was to devise liberal government reforms and formulate a new legal code, Orlov acted as her consultant, and later, when he was a member of the commission (1767–68), he strongly urged the passage of reforms that would improve the condition of the serfs. The commission, however, adjourned without making any substantial proposals. In 1772 Catherine sent Orlov as her chief delegate to a peace conference to end the Russo-Turkish War that had begun in 1768, but he advocated the liberation of Christian subjects from Turkish rule, as well as the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, and thereby failed in his mission; peace was not concluded until 1774.

Around 1772 Orlov also ceased to be Catherine’s lover; he subsequently left Russia (1775) and married a cousin (1777). After his wife’s death (1782) he lost his sanity and returned to his estate in Russia.