Sir Peter B. Medawar

Sir Peter B. Medawar (born Feb. 28, 1915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil—died Oct. 2, 1987, London, Eng.) was a Brazilian-born British zoologist who received, with Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1960 for developing and proving the theory of acquired immunological tolerance, a model that paved the way for successful organ and tissue transplantation.

Medawar was born in Brazil and moved to England as a young boy. In 1935 he took a degree in zoology from Magdalen College, Oxford, and in 1938 he became a fellow of the college. During World War II at the Burns Unit of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in Scotland, he carried out research on tissue transplants, particularly skin grafting. That work led him to recognize that graft rejection is an immunological response. After the war, Medawar continued his transplant research and learned of the work done by Australian immunologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who first advanced the theory of acquired immunological tolerance. According to that hypothesis, during early embryological development and soon after birth, vertebrates develop the ability to distinguish between substances that belong to its body and those that are foreign. The idea contradicted the view that vertebrates inherit this ability at conception. Medawar lent support to Burnet’s theory when he found that fraternal cattle twins accept skin grafts from each other, indicating that certain substances known as antigens “leak” from the yolk sac of each embryo twin into the sac of the other. In a series of experiments on mice, he produced evidence indicating that, although each animal cell contains certain genetically determined antigens important to the immunity process, tolerance can also be acquired because the recipient injected as an embryo with the donor’s cells will accept tissue from all parts of the donor’s body and from the donor’s twin. Medawar’s work resulted in a shift of emphasis in the science of immunology from one that assumed a fully developed immune mechanism to one that attempts to alter the immune mechanism itself, as in the attempt to suppress the body’s rejection of organ transplants.

Medawar was professor of zoology at the University of Birmingham (1947–51) and University College, London (1951–62), director of the National Institute for Medical Research, London (1962–71), professor of experimental medicine at the Royal Institution (1977–83), and president of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School (1981–87). He was knighted in 1965 and awarded the Order of Merit in 1981.

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Medawar’s works include The Uniqueness of the Individual (1957), The Future of Man (1959), The Art of the Soluble (1967), The Hope of Progress (1972), The Life Science (1977), Pluto’s Republic (1982), and his autobiography, Memoir of a Thinking Radish (1986).