Thomas C. Südhof

Thomas C. Südhof (born December 22, 1955, Göttingen, West Germany) is a German American neuroscientist who discovered key molecular components and mechanisms that form the basis of chemical signaling in neurons. His findings helped scientists to better understand the cellular mechanisms underlying neurological conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer disease. For his breakthroughs, Südhof was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with American biochemists and cell biologists James E. Rothman and Randy W. Schekman.

In 1982 Südhof received a medical degree from the University of Göttingen and a doctorate in neurochemistry from the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, where he investigated the release of hormones from cells of the adrenal glands. The following year Südhof began his postdoctoral studies at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. There he investigated the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, a molecule involved in cholesterol metabolism. His mentors, American molecular geneticists Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1985) for their cholesterol research while Südhof was a student in their laboratory. In 1986 Südhof became an investigator at Texas Southwestern and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He moved his laboratory to Stanford University in 2008.

Throughout his career much of Südhof’s research focused on presynaptic neurons, which release signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters into the synapse (or junction) between communicating cells (i.e., between neurons, between neurons and muscle cells, or between neurons and glands). He elucidated the process by which synaptic vesicles, which are filled with neurotransmitters, fuse with neuronal membranes and undergo exocytosis, in which they release their neurotransmitters into the extracellular environment. He found that specific interactions between proteins, such as between Munc18-1 and SNARE proteins, as well as a molecular complex based on the proteins RIM and Munc13, are required for synaptic vesicle fusion. He also described a process whereby calcium triggers vesicle fusion and exocytosis via binding to synaptic vesicle proteins known as synaptotagmins and identified presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins, called neurexins and neuroligins, respectively, that associate with one another and form a physical connection across the synaptic cleft (the gap found between the two neurons at a synapse). He later investigated mutations in neurexins and neuroligins and their relevance to neurological conditions such as autism.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Südhof received the 2010 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience (with Rothman) and the 2013 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2002 and joined the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.