William Ball

William Ball (born October 6, 1916, Rochester, New York, U.S.—died January 10, 1999, Fort Myers, Florida) was an American attorney and expert on constitutional questions concerning the role of religion in education. Ball argued nine cases before the U.S. Supreme Court and assisted in 25 others. Several were landmarks in the development of case law and policy on church-and-state relations. Throughout his career, Ball argued for the use of public funds for religious schools and against governmental regulation of religious schools.

A native of Ohio, Ball received a bachelor’s degree from Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in 1940. After serving in the U.S. Navy during World War II, he enrolled in law school at Notre Dame University, earning a degree in 1948. He worked for several years as a corporate lawyer and then taught law at Villanova Law School from 1955 to 1960. A devout Roman Catholic, Ball began serving in 1960 as general counsel for the Pennsylvania Catholic Conference, the public policy wing of the Roman Catholic Church in Pennsylvania. He founded the law firm Ball, Skelly, Murren & Counsel in 1968, and he subsequently continued to serve as the conference’s general counsel.

Ball’s most important Supreme Court cases set precedents regarding the boundaries of religion and secularism in education. In Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972), Ball argued successfully that the free exercise clause of the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment exempted Amish parents from obeying state compulsory attendance laws on religious grounds. In Bob Jones University v. United States (1983), Ball represented Bob Jones University, which had been stripped of its tax-exempt status because of its policy prohibiting interracial dating and marriage. Ball argued that the university’s First Amendment rights had been violated, but the court decided that the Internal Revenue Service had acted properly in revoking its tax-exempt status. A decade later, Ball argued on behalf of a student in Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993) that the establishment clause of the First Amendment did not prohibit a public school district from providing an interpreter for a deaf student in a parochial school and that the district was, in fact, compelled to do so under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The Supreme Court decided in favour of the student.

In addition to numerous articles, Ball wrote Mere Creatures of the State? (1994); he also edited In Search of a National Morality (1992). He helped author the Williamsburg Charter (1988), which called for the reaffirmation of religion’s primacy in American life and education.