Mathematics, GAT-IND

Mathematics is a science of structure, order, and relation that deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation. The history of mathematics can be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia; ancient clay tablets have proven that the level of mathematical competence was already high as early as roughly the 18th century BCE. Over the centuries, mathematics has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects into a crucial adjunct to the physical sciences and technology.
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Mathematics Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Gates, Bill
Bill Gates is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur who cofounded Microsoft Corporation, the world’s......
Gauss elimination
Gauss elimination, in linear and multilinear algebra, a process for finding the solutions of a system of simultaneous......
Gauss, Carl Friedrich
Carl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician, generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of all......
Gelfond, Aleksandr Osipovich
Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond was a Russian mathematician who originated basic techniques in the study of transcendental......
geometric distribution
geometric distribution, in statistics, a discrete probability distribution that describes the chances of achieving......
geometric series
geometric series, in mathematics, an infinite series of the form a + ar + ar2 + ar3+⋯, where r is known as the......
Germain, Sophie
Sophie Germain was a French mathematician who contributed notably to the study of acoustics, elasticity, and the......
Gini, Corrado
Corrado Gini was an Italian statistician and demographer. Gini was educated at Bologna, where he studied law, mathematics,......
Goldbach conjecture
Goldbach conjecture, in number theory, assertion (here stated in modern terms) that every even counting number......
Goldbach, Christian
Christian Goldbach was a Russian mathematician whose contributions to number theory include Goldbach’s conjecture.......
golden ratio
golden ratio, in mathematics, the irrational number (1 + 5)/2, often denoted by the Greek letter ϕ or τ, which......
Goursat, Édouard
Édouard-Jean-Baptiste Goursat was a French mathematician and theorist whose contribution to the theory of functions,......
Gowers, Timothy
Timothy Gowers is a British mathematician who won the Fields Medal in 1998 for his work in the theory of Banach......
gradient
gradient, in mathematics, a differential operator applied to a three-dimensional vector-valued function to yield......
Granville, Evelyn
Evelyn Granville was an American mathematician who was one of the first African American women to receive a doctoral......
graph
graph, pictorial representation of statistical data or of a functional relationship between variables. Graphs have......
graph theory
graph theory, branch of mathematics concerned with networks of points connected by lines. The subject of graph......
Grassmann, Hermann Günther
Hermann Günther Grassmann was a German mathematician chiefly remembered for his development of a general calculus......
Graunt, John
John Graunt was an English statistician, generally considered to be the founder of the science of demography, the......
Gray, James Nicholas
James Nicholas Gray was an American computer scientist and winner of the 1998 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour......
Greaves, John
John Greaves was an English mathematician, astronomer, and antiquary. Greaves was the eldest son of John Greaves,......
Green, George
George Green was an English mathematician who was the first to attempt to devise a theory of electricity and magnetism.......
Gregory, James
James Gregory was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer who discovered infinite series representations for a......
Gromov, Mikhail
Mikhail Gromov is a Soviet-born French mathematician who was awarded the 2009 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy......
Gromov, Mikhail
Mikhail Gromov is a Soviet-born French mathematician who was awarded the 2009 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy......
Grothendieck, Alexandre
Alexandre Grothendieck was a German French mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 for his work......
group
group, in mathematics, set that has a multiplication that is associative [a(bc) = (ab)c for any a, b, c] and that......
group theory
group theory, in modern algebra, the study of groups, which are systems consisting of a set of elements and a binary......
Guglielmini, Domenico
Domenico Guglielmini was a mathematician and hydrologist, considered a founder of the Italian school of hydraulics,......
Gunter, Edmund
Edmund Gunter was an English mathematician who invented many useful measuring devices, including a forerunner of......
Gödel, Kurt
Kurt Gödel was an Austrian-born mathematician, logician, and philosopher who obtained what may be the most important......
Hadamard, Jacques-Salomon
Jacques-Salomon Hadamard was a French mathematician who proved the prime number theorem, which states that as n......
Hadley, John
John Hadley was a British mathematician and inventor who improved the reflecting telescope, producing the first......
Hall, Chester Moor
Chester Moor Hall was an English jurist and mathematician who invented the achromatic lens, which he utilized in......
Halley, Edmond
Edmond Halley was an English astronomer and mathematician who was the first to calculate the orbit of a comet later......
Hamilton, Margaret
Margaret Hamilton is an American computer scientist who was one of the first computer software programmers; she......
Hamilton, Sir William Rowan
Sir William Rowan Hamilton was an Irish mathematician who contributed to the development of optics, dynamics, and......
Hamiltonian function
Hamiltonian function, mathematical definition introduced in 1835 by Sir William Rowan Hamilton to express the rate......
Hamming, Richard Wesley
Richard Wesley Hamming was an American mathematician. Hamming received a doctorate in mathematics from the University......
Hardy, G.H.
G.H. Hardy was a leading English pure mathematician whose work was mainly in analysis and number theory. Hardy......
harmonic analysis
harmonic analysis, mathematical procedure for describing and analyzing phenomena of a periodically recurrent nature.......
harmonic construction
harmonic construction, in projective geometry, determination of a pair of points C and D that divides a line segment......
harmonic function
harmonic function, mathematical function of two variables having the property that its value at any point is equal......
harmonic sequence
harmonic sequence, in mathematics, a sequence of numbers a1, a2, a3,… such that their reciprocals 1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3,…......
Harriot, Thomas
Thomas Harriot was a mathematician, astronomer, and investigator of the natural world. Little is known of him before......
Hartmanis, Juris
Juris Hartmanis is a Latvian-born American mathematician and computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer......
Hartree, Douglas R.
Douglas R. Hartree was an English physicist, mathematician, and computer pioneer. At Manchester University in the......
Hassabis, Demis
Demis Hassabis is an English computer scientist who was awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work......
Hauptman, Herbert A.
Herbert A. Hauptman was an American mathematician and crystallographer who, along with Jerome Karle, received the......
Hausdorff space
Hausdorff space, in mathematics, type of topological space named for the German mathematician Felix Hausdorff.......
Haynes, Euphemia Lofton
Euphemia Lofton Haynes was an American educator and mathematician who was the first African American woman to receive......
Heisenberg, Werner
Werner Heisenberg was a German physicist and philosopher who discovered (1925) a way to formulate quantum mechanics......
Heller, Michał
Michał Heller is a Roman Catholic priest and mathematical cosmologist who championed a worldview that combined......
Helmholtz, Hermann von
Hermann von Helmholtz was a German scientist and philosopher who made fundamental contributions to physiology,......
Hermite, Charles
Charles Hermite was a French mathematician whose work in the theory of functions includes the application of elliptic......
Heron of Alexandria
Heron of Alexandria was a Greek geometer and inventor whose writings preserved for posterity a knowledge of the......
Heron’s formula
Heron’s formula, formula credited to Heron of Alexandria (c. 62 ce) for finding the area of a triangle in terms......
Herschel, Sir John, 1st Baronet
Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet was an English astronomer and successor to his father, Sir William Herschel, in......
hexagon
hexagon, in geometry, a six-sided polygon. In a regular hexagon, all sides are the same length, and each internal......
Hilbert space
Hilbert space, in mathematics, an example of an infinite-dimensional space that had a major impact in analysis......
Hilbert, David
David Hilbert was a German mathematician who reduced geometry to a series of axioms and contributed substantially......
Hillis, Danny
Danny Hillis is an American pioneer of parallel processing computers and founder of Thinking Machines Corporation.......
Hindu-Arabic numerals
Hindu-Arabic numerals, set of 10 symbols—1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0—that represent numbers in the decimal number......
Hinton, Geoffrey
Geoffrey Hinton is a British-Canadian cognitive psychologist and computer scientist known as the “godfather of......
Hipparchus
Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the advancement of astronomy......
Hippias Of Elis
Hippias Of Elis was a Sophist philosopher who contributed significantly to mathematics by discovering the quadratrix,......
Hippocrates of Chios
Hippocrates of Chios was a Greek geometer who compiled the first known work on the elements of geometry nearly......
Hironaka Heisuke
Hironaka Heisuke is a Japanese mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1970 for his work in algebraic......
histogram
histogram, Graph using vertical or horizontal bars whose lengths indicate quantities. Along with the pie chart,......
Hoare, Tony
Tony Hoare is a British computer scientist and winner of the 1980 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer......
Hodge conjecture
Hodge conjecture, in algebraic geometry, assertion that for certain “nice” spaces (projective algebraic varieties),......
Hodge, Sir William
Sir William Hodge was a British mathematician known for his work in algebraic geometry and his formulation of the......
Hodgkinson, Eaton
Eaton Hodgkinson was an English mathematician and civil engineer. From 1847, he taught at University College in......
Holland, John Henry
John Henry Holland was one of the pioneering theorists in nonlinear mathematics and the use of new mathematical......
homeomorphism
homeomorphism, in mathematics, a correspondence between two figures or surfaces or other geometrical objects, defined......
homology
homology, in mathematics, a basic notion of algebraic topology. Intuitively, two curves in a plane or other two-dimensional......
homomorphism
homomorphism, (from Greek homoios morphe, “similar form”), a special correspondence between the members (elements)......
homotopy
homotopy, in mathematics, a way of classifying geometric regions by studying the different types of paths that......
Hopcroft, John
John Hopcroft is an American computer scientist and cowinner of the 1986 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour......
Hopper, Grace
Grace Hopper was an American mathematician and rear admiral in the U.S. Navy who was a pioneer in developing computer......
Horner, William George
William George Horner was a mathematician whose name is attached to Horner’s method, a means of continuous approximation......
Hoyle, Sir Fred
Sir Fred Hoyle was a British mathematician and astronomer best known as the foremost proponent and defender of......
Hua Hengfang
Hua Hengfang was a Chinese mathematician and translator of Western mathematical works. Apparently inspired by Li......
Hudde, Johan van Waveren
Johan van Waveren Hudde was a Dutch mathematician and statesman who promoted Cartesian geometry and philosophy......
Huygens, Christiaan
Christiaan Huygens was a Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and physicist, who founded the wave theory of light,......
Hypatia
Hypatia was a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who lived in a very turbulent era in Alexandria’s history.......
hyperbola
hyperbola, two-branched open curve, a conic section, produced by the intersection of a circular cone and a plane......
hyperbolic functions
hyperbolic functions, the hyperbolic sine of z (written sinh z); the hyperbolic cosine of z (cosh z); the hyperbolic......
hyperbolic geometry
hyperbolic geometry, a non-Euclidean geometry that rejects the validity of Euclid’s fifth, the “parallel,” postulate.......
hyperboloid
hyperboloid, the open surface generated by revolving a hyperbola about either of its axes. If the tranverse axis......
hypergeometric distribution
hypergeometric distribution, in statistics, distribution function in which selections are made from two groups......
hypothesis testing
hypothesis testing, In statistics, a method for testing how accurately a mathematical model based on one set of......
Hörmander, Lars V.
Lars V. Hörmander was a Swedish mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1962 for his work on partial......
Ibn al-Haytham
Ibn al-Haytham was a mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the principles of optics......
ideal
ideal, in modern algebra, a subring of a mathematical ring with certain absorption properties. The concept of an......
imaginary number
imaginary number, any product of the form ai, in which a is a real number and i is the imaginary unit defined as......
incentive compatibility
incentive compatibility, state in game theory and economics that occurs when the incentives that motivate the actions......
incompleteness theorem
incompleteness theorem, in foundations of mathematics, either of two theorems proved by the Austrian-born American......
indifference
indifference, in the mathematical theory of probability, a classical principle stated by the Swiss mathematician......

Mathematics Encyclopedia Articles By Title